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This White Paper outlines the importance of addressing the fundamental science theme <<How are charged particles energized in space plasmas>> through a future ESA mission. The White Paper presents five compelling science questions related to particle energization by shocks, reconnection,waves and turbulence, jets and their combinations. Answering these questions requires resolving scale coupling, nonlinearity and nonstationarity, which cannot be done with existing multi-point observations. In situ measurements from a multi-point, multi-scale L-class plasma observatory consisting of at least 7 spacecraft covering fluid, ion and electron scales are needed. The plasma observatory will enable a paradigm shift in our comprehension of particle energization and space plasma physics in general, with very important impact on solar and astrophysical plasmas. It will be the next logical step following Cluster, THEMIS and MMS for the very large and active European space plasmas community. Being one of the cornerstone missions of the future ESA Voyage 2035-2050 science program, it would further strengthen the European scientific and technical leadership in this important field.
This paper addresses the fundamental science question: How does solar wind energy flow through the Earths magnetosphere, how is it converted and distributed?. We need to understand how the Sun creates the heliosphere, and how the planets interact wit
The objective of this White Paper submitted to ESAs Voyage 2050 call is to get a more holistic knowledge of the dynamics of the Martian plasma system from its surface up to the undisturbed solar wind outside of the induced magnetosphere. This can onl
This white paper proposes that AMBITION, a Comet Nucleus Sample Return mission, be a cornerstone of ESAs Voyage 2050 programme. We summarise some of the most important questions still open in cometary science after the successes of the Rosetta missio
In review of the White Papers from the Voyage 2050 process and after the public presentation of a number of these papers in October 2019 in Madrid, we as White Paper lead authors have identified a coherent science theme that transcends the divisions
A new all-sky visible and Near-InfraRed (NIR) space astrometry mission with a wavelength cutoff in the K-band is not just focused on a single or small number of key science cases. Instead, it is extremely broad, answering key science questions in nea