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In this review we highlight a few physical properties of neutron stars and their theoretical treatment inasmuch as they can be useful for nuclear and particle physicists concerned with matter at finite density (and newly, temperature). Conversely, we lay out some of the hadron physics necessary to test General Relativity with binary mergers including at least one neutron star, in view of the event GW170817: neutron stars and their mergers reach the highest matter densities known, offering access to the matter side of Einsteins equations. In addition to minimum introductory material for those interested in starting research in the field of neutron stars, we dedicate quite some effort to a discussion of the Equation of State of hadron matter in view of gravitational wave developments; we address phase transitions and how the new data may help; we show why transport is expected to be dominated by turbulence instead of diffusion through most if not all of the star, in view of the transport coefficients that have been calculated from microscopic hadron physics; and we relate many of the interesting physics topics in neutron stars to the radius and tidal deformability.
In the first part of this paper, we investigate the possible existence of a structured hadron-quark mixed phase in the cores of neutron stars. This phase, referred to as the hadron-quark pasta phase, consists of spherical blob, rod, and slab rare pha
Motivated by the recent gravitational wave detection by the LIGO-VIRGO observatories, we study the Love number and dimensionless tidal polarizability of highly magnetized stars. We also investigate the fundamental quasi-normal mode of neutron stars s
We consider the effect of density dependent dark matter on the neutron star mass, radius, and tidal deformability. Nuclear matter (normal matter) as well as the fermionic dark matter sector is considered in a mean field model. We adopt the two fluid
The detection of gravitational radiation, emitted in the aftermath of the excitation of neutron star quasi-normal modes, has the potential to provide unprecedented access to the properties of matter in the star interior, and shed new light on the dyn
Numerous theoretical studies using various equation of state models have shown that quark matter may exist at the extreme densities in the cores of high-mass neutron stars. It has also been shown that a phase transition from hadronic matter to quark