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This is a collection of definitions, notations and proofs for the Bernoulli numbers $B_n$ appearing in formulas for the sum of integer powers, some of which can be found scattered in the large related historical literature in French, English and German. We provide elementary proofs for the original convention with ${mathcal B}_1=1/2$ and also for the current convention with $B_1=-1/2$, using only the binomial theorem and the concise Blissard symbolic (umbral) notation.
A number which is S.P in base r is a positive integer which is equal to the sum of its base-r digits multiplied by the product of its base-r digits. These numbers have been studied extensively in The Mathematical Gazette. Recently, Shah Ali obtained
Translated from the Latin original Novae demonstrationes circa resolutionem numerorum in quadrata (1774). E445 in the Enestrom index. See Chapter III, section XI of Weils Number theory: an approach through history. Also, a very clear proof of the fou
Dirichlets proof of infinitely many primes in arithmetic progressions was published in 1837, introduced L-series for the first time, and it is said to have started rigorous analytic number theory. Dirichlet uses Eulers earlier work on the zeta functi
This is an English translation of the Latin original De summa seriei ex numeris primis formatae ${1/3}-{1/5}+{1/7}+{1/11}-{1/13}-{1/17}+{1/19}+{1/23}-{1/29}+{1/31}-$ etc. ubi numeri primi formae $4n-1$ habent signum positivum formae autem $4n+1$ sign
Throughout more than two millennia many formulas have been obtained, some of them beautiful, to calculate the number pi. Among them, we can find series, infinite products, expansions as continued fractions and expansions using radicals. Some expressi