اشترك بالحزمة الذهبية واحصل على وصول غير محدود شمرا أكاديميا
تسجيل مستخدم جديدScience with an ngVLA: [CII] 158$mu$m Emission from $z ge 10$ Galaxies
117
0
0.0
(
0
)
اسأل ChatGPT حول البحث
ﻻ يوجد ملخص باللغة العربية
We consider the capabilities of ALMA and the ngVLA to detect and image the[CII] 158,$mu$m line from galaxies into the cosmic `dark ages ($z sim 10$ to 20). The [CII] line may prove to be a powerful tool in determining spectroscopic redshifts, and galaxy dynamics, for the first galaxies. In 40,hr, ALMA has the sensitivity to detect the integrated [CII] line emission from a moderate metallicity, active star-forming galaxy [$Z_A = 0.2,Z_{odot}$; star formation rate (SFR)= 5,$M_odot$,yr$^{-1}$], at $z = 10$ at a significance of 6$sigma$. The ngVLA will detect the integrated [CII] line emission from a Milky-Way like star formation rate galaxy ($Z_{A} = 0.2,Z_{odot}$, SFR = 1,$M_odot$,yr$^{-1}$), at $z = 15$ at a significance of 6$sigma$. Imaging simulations show that the ngVLA can determine rotation dynamics for active star-forming galaxies at $z sim 15$, if they exist. The [CII] detection rate in blind surveys will be slow (of order unity per 40,hr pointing.
قيم البحث
اقرأ أيضاً
The scatter in the relationship between the strength of [CII] 158$mu$m emission and the star formation rate at high-redshift has been the source of much recent interest. Although the relationship is well-established locally, several intensely star-fo
rming galaxies have been found whose [CII] 158$mu$m emission is either weak, absent or spatially offset from the young stars. Here we present new ALMA data for the two most distant, gravitationally-lensed and spectroscopically-confirmed galaxies, A2744_YD4 at $z=$8.38 and MACS1149_JD1 at $z=$9.11, both of which reveal intense [OIII] 88$mu$m emission. In both cases we provide stringent upper limits on the presence of [CII] 158$mu$m with respect to [OIII] 88$mu$m. We review possible explanations for this apparent redshift-dependent [CII] deficit in the context of our recent hydrodynamical simulations. Our results highlight the importance of using several emission line diagnostics with ALMA to investigate the nature of the interstellar medium in early galaxies.
The [CII] 157.74 $mu$m transition is the dominant coolant of the neutral interstellar gas, and has great potential as a star formation rate (SFR) tracer. Using the Herschel KINGFISH sample of 46 nearby galaxies, we investigate the relation of [CII] s
urface brightness and luminosity with SFR. We conclude that [CII] can be used for measurements of SFR on both global and kiloparsec scales in normal star-forming galaxies in the absence of strong active galactic nuclei (AGN). The uncertainty of the $Sigma_{rm [CII]}-Sigma_{rm SFR}$ calibration is $pm$0.21 dex. The main source of scatter in the correlation is associated with regions that exhibit warm IR colors, and we provide an adjustment based on IR color that reduces the scatter. We show that the color-adjusted $Sigma_{rm[CII]}-Sigma_{rm SFR}$ correlation is valid over almost 5 orders of magnitude in $Sigma_{rm SFR}$, holding for both normal star-forming galaxies and non-AGN luminous infrared galaxies. Using [CII] luminosity instead of surface brightness to estimate SFR suffers from worse systematics, frequently underpredicting SFR in luminous infrared galaxies even after IR color adjustment (although this depends on the SFR measure employed). We suspect that surface brightness relations are better behaved than the luminosity relations because the former are more closely related to the local far-UV field strength, most likely the main parameter controlling the efficiency of the conversion of far-UV radiation into gas heating. A simple model based on Starburst99 population-synthesis code to connect SFR to [CII] finds that heating efficiencies are $1%-3%$ in normal galaxies.
We report on a search for the [CII] 158 micron emission line from galaxies associated with four high-metallicity damped Ly-alpha absorbers (DLAs) at z ~ 4 using the Atacama Large Millimeter/sub-millimeter Array (ALMA). We detect [CII] 158 micron emis
sion from galaxies at the DLA redshift in three fields, with one field showing two [CII] emitters. Combined with previous results, we now have detected [CII] 158 micron emission from five of six galaxies associated with targeted high-metallicity DLAs at z ~ 4. The galaxies have relatively large impact parameters, ~16 - 45 kpc, [CII] 158 micron line luminosities of (0.36 - 30) x 10^8 Lsun, and rest-frame far-infrared properties similar to those of luminous Lyman-break galaxies, with star-formation rates of ~7 - 110 Msun yr-1. Comparing the absorption and emission line profiles yields a remarkable agreement between the line centroids, indicating that the DLA traces gas at velocities similar to that of the [CII] 158 micron emission. This disfavors a scenario where the DLA arises from gas in a companion galaxy. These observations highlight ALMAs unique ability to uncover a high redshift galaxy population that has largely eluded detection for decades.
We study the effects of a metallicity variation on the thermal balance and [CII] fine-structure line strengths in interstellar photon dominated regions (PDRs). We find that a reduction in the dust-to-gas ratio and the abundance of heavy elements in t
he gas phase changes the heat balance of the gas in PDRs. The surface temperature of PDRs decreases as the metallicity decreases except for high density ($n>10^6$ cm$^{-3}$) clouds exposed to weak ($chi< 100$) FUV fields where vibrational H$_2$-deexcitation heating dominates over photoelectric heating of the gas. We incorporate the metallicity dependence in our KOSMA-$tau$ PDR model to study the metallicity dependence of [CII]/CO line ratios in low metallicity galaxies. We find that the main trend in the variation of the observed CII/CO ratio with metallicity is well reproduced by a single spherical clump, and does not necessarily require an ensemble of clumps as in the semi-analytical model presented by Bolatto et al. (1999).
Radio continuum observations have proven to be a workhorse in our understanding of the star formation process (i.e., stellar birth and death) from galaxies both in the nearby universe and out to the highest redshifts. In this article we focus on how
the ngVLA will transform our understanding of star formation by enabling one to map and decompose the radio continuum emission from large, heterogeneous samples of nearby galaxies on $gtrsim 10$,pc scales to conduct a proper accounting of the energetic processes powering it. At the discussed sensitivity and angular resolution, the ngVLA will simultaneously be able to create maps of current star formation activity at $sim$100,pc scales, as well as detect and characterize (e.g., size, spectral shape, density, etc.) discrete H{sc ii} regions and supernova remnants on 10,pc scales in galaxies out to the distance of the Virgo cluster. Their properties can then be used to see how they relate to the local and global ISM and star formation conditions. Such investigations are essential for understanding the astrophysics of high-$z$ measurements of galaxies, allowing for proper modeling of galaxy formation and evolution.
سجل دخول لتتمكن من نشر تعليقات
التعليقات
جاري جلب التعليقات
سجل دخول لتتمكن من متابعة معايير البحث التي قمت باختيارها
