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On elastic spherical membranes, there is no stress induced by the bending energy and the corresponding Laplace-Young law does not involve the elastic bending stiffness. However, when considering an axially symmetrical perturbation that pinches the sphere, it induces nontrivial stresses on the entire membrane. In this paper we introduce a theoretical framework to examine the stress induced by perturbations of geometry around the sphere. We find the local balance force equations along the normal direction to the vesicle, and along the unit binormal, tangent to the membrane; likewise, the global balance force equation on closed loops is also examined. We analyze the distribution of stresses on the membrane as the budding transition occurs. For closed membranes we obtain the modified Young-Laplace law that appears as a consequence of this perturbation.
We calculate the stress tensor for a quasi-spherical vesicle and we thermally average it in order to obtain the actual, mechanical, surface tension $tau$ of the vesicle. Both closed and poked vesicles are considered. We recover our results for $tau$
Within the framework of the Helfrich elastic theory of membranes and of differential geometry we study the possible instabilities of spherical vesicles towards double bubbles. We find that not only temperature, but also magnetic fields can induce top
While the behavior of vesicles in thermodynamic equilibrium has been studied extensively, how active forces control vesicle shape transformations is not understood. Here, we combine theory and simulations to study the shape behavior of vesicles conta
We use an elastic model to explore faceting of solid-wall vesicles with elastic heterogeneities. We show that faceting occurs in regions where the vesicle wall is softer, such as areas of reduced wall thicknesses or concentrated in crystalline defect
Lipid vesicles composed of a mixture of two types of lipids are studied by intensive Monte-Carlo numerical simulations. The coupling between the local composition and the membrane shape is induced by two different spontaneous curvatures of the compon