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تسجيل مستخدم جديدPlanck 2018 results. I. Overview and the cosmological legacy of Planck
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The European Space Agencys Planck satellite, which was dedicated to studying the early Universe and its subsequent evolution, was launched on 14 May 2009. It scanned the microwave and submillimetre sky continuously between 12 August 2009 and 23 October 2013, producing deep, high-resolution, all-sky maps in nine frequency bands from 30 to 857GHz. This paper presents the cosmological legacy of Planck, which currently provides our strongest constraints on the parameters of the standard cosmological model and some of the tightest limits available on deviations from that model. The 6-parameter LCDM model continues to provide an excellent fit to the cosmic microwave background data at high and low redshift, describing the cosmological information in over a billion map pixels with just six parameters. With 18 peaks in the temperature and polarization angular power spectra constrained well, Planck measures five of the six parameters to better than 1% (simultaneously), with the best-determined parameter (theta_*) now known to 0.03%. We describe the multi-component sky as seen by Planck, the success of the LCDM model, and the connection to lower-redshift probes of structure formation. We also give a comprehensive summary of the major changes introduced in this 2018 release. The Planck data, alone and in combination with other probes, provide stringent constraints on our models of the early Universe and the large-scale structure within which all astrophysical objects form and evolve. We discuss some lessons learned from the Planck mission, and highlight areas ripe for further experimental advances.
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We present cosmological parameter results from the final full-mission Planck measurements of the CMB anisotropies. We find good consistency with the standard spatially-flat 6-parameter $Lambda$CDM cosmology having a power-law spectrum of adiabatic sc
alar perturbations (denoted base $Lambda$CDM in this paper), from polarization, temperature, and lensing, separately and in combination. A combined analysis gives dark matter density $Omega_c h^2 = 0.120pm 0.001$, baryon density $Omega_b h^2 = 0.0224pm 0.0001$, scalar spectral index $n_s = 0.965pm 0.004$, and optical depth $tau = 0.054pm 0.007$ (in this abstract we quote $68,%$ confidence regions on measured parameters and $95,%$ on upper limits). The angular acoustic scale is measured to $0.03,%$ precision, with $100theta_*=1.0411pm 0.0003$. These results are only weakly dependent on the cosmological model and remain stable, with somewhat increased errors, in many commonly considered extensions. Assuming the base-$Lambda$CDM cosmology, the inferred late-Universe parameters are: Hubble constant $H_0 = (67.4pm 0.5)$km/s/Mpc; matter density parameter $Omega_m = 0.315pm 0.007$; and matter fluctuation amplitude $sigma_8 = 0.811pm 0.006$. We find no compelling evidence for extensions to the base-$Lambda$CDM model. Combining with BAO we constrain the effective extra relativistic degrees of freedom to be $N_{rm eff} = 2.99pm 0.17$, and the neutrino mass is tightly constrained to $sum m_ u< 0.12$eV. The CMB spectra continue to prefer higher lensing amplitudes than predicted in base -$Lambda$CDM at over $2,sigma$, which pulls some parameters that affect the lensing amplitude away from the base-$Lambda$CDM model; however, this is not supported by the lensing reconstruction or (in models that also change the background geometry) BAO data. (Abridged)
The ESAs Planck satellite, dedicated to studying the early Universe and its subsequent evolution, was launched 14 May 2009 and has been scanning the microwave and submillimetre sky continuously since 12 August 2009. This paper gives an overview of th
e mission and its performance, the processing, analysis, and characteristics of the data, the scientific results, and the science data products and papers in the release. The science products include maps of the CMB and diffuse extragalactic foregrounds, a catalogue of compact Galactic and extragalactic sources, and a list of sources detected through the SZ effect. The likelihood code used to assess cosmological models against the Planck data and a lensing likelihood are described. Scientific results include robust support for the standard six-parameter LCDM model of cosmology and improved measurements of its parameters, including a highly significant deviation from scale invariance of the primordial power spectrum. The Planck values for these parameters and others derived from them are significantly different from those previously determined. Several large-scale anomalies in the temperature distribution of the CMB, first detected by WMAP, are confirmed with higher confidence. Planck sets new limits on the number and mass of neutrinos, and has measured gravitational lensing of CMB anisotropies at greater than 25 sigma. Planck finds no evidence for non-Gaussianity in the CMB. Plancks results agree well with results from the measurements of baryon acoustic oscillations. Planck finds a lower Hubble constant than found in some more local measures. Some tension is also present between the amplitude of matter fluctuations derived from CMB data and that derived from SZ data. The Planck and WMAP power spectra are offset from each other by an average level of about 2% around the first acoustic peak.
The European Space Agencys Planck satellite, dedicated to studying the early Universe and its subsequent evolution, was launched 14~May 2009 and scanned the microwave and submillimetre sky continuously between 12~August 2009 and 23~October 2013. In F
ebruary~2015, ESA and the Planck Collaboration released the second set of cosmology products based on data from the entire Planck mission, including both temperature and polarization, along with a set of scientific and technical papers and a web-based explanatory supplement. This paper gives an overview of the main characteristics of the data and the data products in the release, as well as the associated cosmological and astrophysical science results and papers. The science products include maps of the cosmic microwave background (CMB), the thermal Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect, and diffuse foregrounds in temperature and polarization, catalogues of compact Galactic and extragalactic sources (including separate catalogues of Sunyaev-Zeldovich clusters and Galactic cold clumps), and extensive simulations of signals and noise used in assessing the performance of the analysis methods and assessment of uncertainties. The likelihood code used to assess cosmological models against the Planck data are described, as well as a CMB lensing likelihood. Scientific results include cosmological parameters deriving from CMB power spectra, gravitational lensing, and cluster counts, as well as constraints on inflation, non-Gaussianity, primordial magnetic fields, dark energy, and modified gravity.
We present measurements of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) lensing potential using the final $textit{Planck}$ 2018 temperature and polarization data. We increase the significance of the detection of lensing in the polarization maps from $5,sigm
a$ to $9,sigma$. Combined with temperature, lensing is detected at $40,sigma$. We present an extensive set of tests of the robustness of the lensing-potential power spectrum, and construct a minimum-variance estimator likelihood over lensing multipoles $8 le L le 400$. We find good consistency between lensing constraints and the results from the $textit{Planck}$ CMB power spectra within the $rm{Lambda CDM}$ model. Combined with baryon density and other weak priors, the lensing analysis alone constrains $sigma_8 Omega_{rm m}^{0.25}=0.589pm 0.020$ ($1,sigma$ errors). Also combining with baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) data, we find tight individual parameter constraints, $sigma_8=0.811pm0.019$, $H_0=67.9_{-1.3}^{+1.2},text{km},text{s}^{-1},rm{Mpc}^{-1}$, and $Omega_{rm m}=0.303^{+0.016}_{-0.018}$. Combining with $textit{Planck}$ CMB power spectrum data, we measure $sigma_8$ to better than $1,%$ precision, finding $sigma_8=0.811pm 0.006$. We find consistency with the lensing results from the Dark Energy Survey, and give combined lensing-only parameter constraints that are tighter than joint results using galaxy clustering. Using $textit{Planck}$ cosmic infrared background (CIB) maps we make a combined estimate of the lensing potential over $60,%$ of the sky with considerably more small-scale signal. We demonstrate delensing of the $textit{Planck}$ power spectra, detecting a maximum removal of $40,%$ of the lensing-induced power in all spectra. The improvement in the sharpening of the acoustic peaks by including both CIB and the quadratic lensing reconstruction is detected at high significance (abridged).
We present full-sky maps of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) and polarized synchrotron and thermal dust emission, derived from the third set of Planck frequency maps. These products have significantly lower contamination from instrumental systematic effects than previo
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