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The Monoceros Ring (MRi) structure is an apparent stellar overdensity that has been postulated to entirely encircle the Galactic plane and has been variously described as being due to line-of-sight effects of the Galactic warp and flare or of extragalactic origin (via accretion). Despite being intensely scrutinised in the literature for more than a decade, no studies to-date have been able to definitively uncover its origins. Here we use $N$-body simulations and a genetic algorithm to explore the parameter space for the initial position, orbital parameters and, for the first time, the final location of a satellite progenitor. We fit our models to the latest Pan-STARRS data to determine whether an accretion scenario is capable of producing an in- Plane ring-like structure matching the known parameters of the MRi. Our simulations produce streams that closely match the location, proper motion and kinematics of the MRi structure. However, we are not able to reproduce the mass estimates from earlier studies based on Pan-STARRS data. Furthermore, in contrast with earlier studies our best-fit models are those for progenitors on retrograde orbits. If the MRi was produced by satellite accretion, we find that its progenitor has an initial mass upper limit of ~$10^{10}$M$_odot$ and the remnant is likely located behind the Galactic bulge, making it diffcult to locate observationally. While our models produce realistic MRi-like structures we cannot definitively conclude that the MRi was produced by the accretion of a satellite galaxy.
The Monoceros Ring (also known as the Galactic Anticenter Stellar Structure) and A13 are stellar overdensities at estimated heliocentric distances of $d sim 11$ kpc and 15 kpc observed at low Galactic latitudes towards the anticenter of our Galaxy. W
We computed proper motions of a selected sample of globular clusters projected on the central bulge, employing CCD images gathered along the last 25 years at the ESO-NTT, ESO-Danish and HST telescopes. We presented a method to derive their proper mot
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