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This work deals with the effects of an apex predator on the cyclic competition among three distinct species that follow the rules of the rock-paper-scissors game. The investigation develops standard stochastic simulations but is motivated by a novel procedure which is explained in the work. We add the apex predator as the fourth species in the system that contains three species that evolve following the standard rules of migration, reproduction and predation, and study how the system evolves in this new environment, in comparison with the case in the absence of the apex predator. The results show that the apex predator engenders the tendency to spread uniformly in the lattice, contributing to destroy the spiral patterns, keeping biodiversity but diminishing the average size of the clusters of the species that compete cyclically.
Rock-paper-scissors (RPS) game is a nice model to study the biodiversity in ecosystem. However, the previous studies only consider the nearest- neighbor- interaction among the species. In this paper, taking the long range migration into account, the
In this letter, we investigate the population dynamics in a May-Leonard formulation of the rock-paper-scissors game in which one or two species, which we shall refer to as weak, have a reduced predation or reproduction probability. We show that in a
We perform individual-based Monte Carlo simulations in a community consisting of two predator species competing for a single prey species, with the purpose of studying biodiversity stabilization in this simple model system. Predators are characterize
We investigate the impact of parity on the abundance of weak species in the context of the simplest generalization of the rock-paper-scissors model to an arbitrary number of species -- we consider models with a total number of species ($N_S$) between
The spatio-temporal arrangement of interacting populations often influences the maintenance of species diversity and is a subject of intense research. Here, we study the spatio-temporal patterns arising from the cyclic competition between three speci