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تسجيل مستخدم جديدThe Birkhoff theorem for unitary matrices of arbitrary dimensions
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It was shown recently that Birkhoffs theorem for doubly stochastic matrices can be extended to unitary matrices with equal line sums whenever the dimension of the matrices is prime. We prove a generalization of the Birkhoff theorem for unitary matrices with equal line sums for arbitrary dimension.
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The Birkhoffs theorem states that any doubly stochastic matrix lies inside a convex polytope with the permutation matrices at the corners. It can be proven that a similar theorem holds for unitary matrices with equal line sums for prime dimensions.
The unitary Birkhoff theorem states that any unitary matrix with all row sums and all column sums equal unity can be decomposed as a weighted sum of permutation matrices, such that both the sum of the weights and the sum of the squared moduli of the
weights are equal to unity. If the dimension~$n$ of the unitary matrix equals a power of a prime $p$, i.e. if $n=p^w$, then the Birkhoff decomposition does not need all $n!$ possible permutation matrices, as the epicirculant permutation matrices suffice. This group of permutation matrices is isomorphic to the general affine group GA($w,p$) of order only $p^w(p^w-1)(p^w-p)...(p^w-p^{w-1}) ll left( p^w right)!$.
Birkhoffs theorem tells that any doubly stochastic matrix can be decomposed as a weighted sum of permutation matrices. A similar theorem reveals that any unitary matrix can be decomposed as a weighted sum of complex permutation matrices. Unitary matr
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