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Using the analytic modeling of the electromagnetic cascades compared with more precise numerical simulations we describe the physical properties of electromagnetic cascades developing in the universe on CMB and EBL background radiations. A cascade is initiated by very high energy photon or electron and the remnant photons at large distance have two-component energy spectrum, $propto E^{-2}$ ($propto E^{-1.9}$ in numerical simulations) produced at cascade multiplication stage, and $propto E^{-3/2}$ from Inverse Compton electron cooling at low energies. The most noticeable property of the cascade spectrum in analytic modeling is strong universality, which includes the standard energy spectrum and the energy density of the cascade $omega_{rm cas}$ as its only numerical parameter. Using numerical simulations of the cascade spectrum and comparing it with recent Fermi LAT spectrum we obtained the upper limit on $omega_{rm cas}$ stronger than in previous works. The new feature of the analysis is $E_{max}$ rule. We investigate the dependence of $omega_{rm cas}$ on the distribution of sources, distinguishing two cases of universality: the strong and weak ones.
Atmospheric muons are one of the main backgrounds for current Water- and Ice-Cherenkov neutrino telescopes designed to detect astrophysical neutrinos. The inclusive fluxes of atmospheric muons and neutrinos from hadronic interactions of cosmic rays h
Electromagnetic-Cascades (EmCa) is a Python package for the simulation of electromagnetic cascades in various materials. The showers are modeled using cascade equations and the relevant interactions, specifically pair production, Bremsstrahlung, Comp
We present a procedure for reconstructing particle cascades from event data measured in a high energy physics experiment. For evaluating the hypothesis of a specific physics process causing the observed data, all possible reconstructi
TeV photons from extragalactic sources are absorbed in the intergalactic medium and initiate electromagnetic cascades. These cascades offer a unique tool to probe the properties of the universe at cosmological scales. We present a new Monte Carlo cod
We report the observation of radar echoes from the ionization trails of high-energy particle cascades. These data were taken at the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, where the full electron beam ($sim$10$^9$ e$^-$ at $sim$10 GeV/e$^-$) was direct