اشترك بالحزمة الذهبية واحصل على وصول غير محدود شمرا أكاديميا
تسجيل مستخدم جديدNIHAO III: The constant disc gas mass conspiracy
464
0
0.0
(
0
)
اسأل ChatGPT حول البحث
ﻻ يوجد ملخص باللغة العربية
We show that the cool gas masses of galactic discs reach a steady state that lasts many Gyr after their last major merger in cosmological hydrodynamic simulations. The mass of disc gas, M$_{rm gas}$, depends upon a galaxy halos spin and virial mass, but not upon stellar feedback. Halos with low spin have high star formation efficiency and lower disc gas mass. Similarly, lower stellar feedback leads to more star formation so the gas mass ends up nearly the same irregardless of stellar feedback strength. Even considering spin, the M$_{rm gas}$ relation with halo mass, M$_{200}$ only shows a factor of 3 scatter. The M$_{rm gas}$--M$_{200}$ relation show a break at M$_{200}$=$2times10^{11}$ M$_odot$ that corresponds to an observed break in the M$_{rm gas}$--M$_star$ relation. The constant disc mass stems from a shared halo gas density profile in all the simulated galaxies. In their outer regions, the profiles are isothermal. Where the profile rises above $n=10^{-3}$ cm$^{-3}$, the gas readily cools and the profile steepens. Inside the disc, rotation supports gas with a flatter density profile except where supernova explosions disrupt the disc. Energy injection from stellar feedback also provides pressure support to the halo gas to prevent runaway cooling flows. The resulting constant gas mass makes simpler models for galaxy formation possible, either using a bathtub model for star formation rates or when modeling chemical evolution.
قيم البحث
اقرأ أيضاً
We carry out a systematic investigation of the total mass density profile of massive (Mstar>2e11 Msun) early-type galaxies and its dependence on galactic properties and host halo mass with the aid of a variety of lensing/dynamical data and large mock
galaxy catalogs. The latter are produced via semi-empirical models that, by design, are based on just a few basic input assumptions. Galaxies, with measured stellar masses, effective radii and S{e}rsic indices, are assigned, via abundance matching relations, host dark matter halos characterized by a typical LCDM profile. Our main results are as follows: (i) In line with observational evidence, our semi-empirical models naturally predict that the total, mass-weighted density slope at the effective radius gamma is not universal, steepening for more compact and/or massive galaxies, but flattening with increasing host halo mass. (ii) Models characterized by a Salpeter or variable initial mass function and uncontracted dark matter profiles are in good agreement with the data, while a Chabrier initial mass function and/or adiabatic contractions/expansions of the dark matter halos are highly disfavored. (iii) Currently available data on the mass density profiles of very massive galaxies (Mstar>1e12 Msun), with Mhalo>3e14 Msun, favor instead models with a stellar profile flatter than a S{e}rsic one in the very inner regions (r<3-5 kpc), and a cored NFW or Einasto dark matter profile with median halo concentration a factor of ~2 or <1.3, respectively, higher than those typically predicted by N-body numerical simulations.
We introduce algorithms for black hole physics, i.e., black hole formation, accretion and feedback, into the NIHAO (Numerical Investigation of a Hundred Astrophysical Objects) project of galaxy simulations. This enables us to study high mass, ellipti
cal galaxies, where feedback from the central black hole is generally thought to have a significant effect on their evolution. We furthermore extend the NIHAO suite by 45 simulations that encompass $z=0$ halo masses from $1 times 10^{12}$ to $4 times 10^{13},mathrm{M}_{odot}$, and resimulate five galaxies from the original NIHAO sample with black hole physics, which have $z=0$ halo masses from $8 times 10^{11}$ to $3 times 10^{12},mathrm{M}_{odot}$. Now NIHAO contains 144 different galaxies and thus has the largest sample of zoom-in simulations of galaxies, spanning $z=0$ halo masses from $9 times 10^{8}$ to $4 times 10^{13},mathrm{M}_{odot}$. In this paper we focus on testing the algorithms and calibrating their free parameters against the stellar mass versus halo mass relation and the black hole mass versus stellar mass relation. We also investigate the scatter of these relations, which we find is a decreasing function with time and thus in agreement with observations. For our fiducial choice of parameters we successfully quench star formation in objects above a $z=0$ halo mass of $10^{12},mathrm{M}_{odot}$, thus transforming them into red and dead galaxies.
We study the hot and cold circum-galactic medium (CGM) of 86 galaxies of the cosmological, hydrodynamical simulation suite NIHAO. NIHAO allows a study of how the $z=0$ CGM varies across 5 orders of magnitude of stellar mass using OVI and HI as proxie
s for hot and cold gas. The cool HI covering fraction and column density profiles match observations well, particularly in the inner CGM. OVI shows increasing column densities with mass, a trend seemingly echoed in the observations. As in multiple previous simulations, the OVI column densities in simulations are lower than observed and optically thick HI does not extend as far out as in observations. We take a look at the collisional ionisation fraction of OVI as a function of halo mass. We make observable predictions of the bipolarity of outflows and their effect on the general shape of the CGM. Bipolar outflows can be seen out to around 40 kpc in intermediate and low mass halos ($M_{mathrm{halo}}<10^{11}M_{mathrm{sun}}$), but outside that radius, the CGM is too well mixed to detect an elongated shape. Larger halos have extended gas discs beyond the stellar disc that dominate the shape of the inner CGM. The simulated CGM is remarkably spherical even in low mass simulations. The chemical enrichment of both halo and disc gas follow expected increasing trends as a function of halo mass that are well fit with power laws. These relations can be used in non-hydrodynamic models, such as semi-analytic models.
We observed the K7 class III star NO Lup in an ALMA survey of the 1-3 Myr Lupus association and detected circumstellar dust and CO gas. Here we show that the J = 3-2 CO emission is both spectrally and spatially resolved, with a broad velocity width $
{sim}19$kms$^{-1}$ for its resolved size ${sim}1$ (${sim}130$ au). We model the gas emission as a Keplerian disc, finding consistency, but only with a central mass of ${sim}11M_{odot}$, which is implausible given its spectral type and X-Shooter spectrum. A good fit to the data can also be found by modelling the CO emission as outflowing gas with a radial velocity ${sim}22$kms$^{-1}$. We interpret NO Lups CO emission as the first imaged class III circumstellar disc with outflowing gas. We conclude that the CO is continually replenished, but cannot say if this is from the break-up of icy planetesimals or from the last remnants of the protoplanetary disc. We suggest further work to explore the origin of this CO, and its higher than expected velocity in comparison to photoevaporative models.
Detailed studies of galaxy formation require clear definitions of the structural components of galaxies. Precisely defined components also enable better comparisons between observations and simulations. We use a subsample of eighteen cosmological zoo
m-in simulations from the NIHAO project to derive a robust method for defining stellar kinematic discs in galaxies. Our method uses Gaussian Mixture Models in a 3D space of dynamical variables. The NIHAO galaxies have the right stellar mass for their halo mass, and their angular momenta and Sersic indices match observations. While the photometric disc-to-total ratios are close to 1 for all the simulated galaxies, the kinematic ratios are around ~0.5. Thus, exponential structure does not imply a cold kinematic disc. Above log(M*)~9.5, the decomposition leads to thin discs and spheroids that have clearly different properties, in terms of angular momentum, rotational support, ellipticity, [Fe/H] and [O/Fe]. At log(M*)<9.5, the decomposition selects discs and spheroids with less distinct properties. At these low masses, both the discs and spheroids have exponential profiles with high minor-to-major axes ratios, i.e. thickened discs.
سجل دخول لتتمكن من نشر تعليقات
التعليقات
جاري جلب التعليقات
سجل دخول لتتمكن من متابعة معايير البحث التي قمت باختيارها
