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An anisotropic model for the fabrication of annealed and reverse proton exchange waveguides in lithium niobate is presented. We characterized the anisotropic diffusion properties of proton exchange, annealing and reverse proton exchange in Z-cut and X-cut substrates using planar waveguides. Using this model we fabricated high quality channel waveguides with propagation losses as low as 0.086 dB/cm and a coupling efficiency with optical fiber of 90% at 1550 nm. The splitting ratio of a set of directional couplers is predicted with an accuracy of +- 0.06.
Prospective integrated quantum optical technologies will combine nonlinear optics and components requiring cryogenic operating temperatures. Despite the prevalence of integrated platforms exploiting $chi^{(2)}$-nonlinearities for quantum optics, for
The measurement and stabilization of the carrier-envelope offset frequency $f_{textrm{CEO}}$ via self-referencing is paramount for optical frequency comb generation which has revolutionized precision frequency metrology, spectroscopy, and optical clo
Strong amplification in integrated photonics is one of the most desired optical functionalities for computing, communications, sensing, and quantum information processing. Semiconductor gain and cubic nonlinearities, such as four-wave mixing and stim
Many technologies in quantum photonics require cryogenic conditions to operate. However, the underlying platform behind active components such as switches, modulators and phase shifters must be compatible with these operating conditions. To address t
Lithium niobate is a multi-functional material, which has been regarded as one of the most promising platform for the multi-purpose optical components and photonic circuits. Targeting at the miniature optical components and systems, lithium niobate m