ﻻ يوجد ملخص باللغة العربية
We study nuclear stopping in central collisions for heavy-ion induced reactions in the Fermi energy domain, between $15$ and $100$ A,textrm{MeV}. Using the large dataset of exclusive measurements provided by the $4pi$ array emph{INDRA}, we determine the relative degree of stopping as a function of system mass and bombarding energy. We show that the stopping can be directly related to the transport properties in the nuclear medium. By looking specifically at free nucleons (here protons), we present for the first time a comprehensive body of experimental results concerning the mean free path, the nucleon-nucleon cross-section and in-medium effects in nuclear matter. It is shown that the mean free path exhibits a maximum at $lambda_{NN}=9.5 pm 2$ textrm{fm}, around $E_{inc}=35-40$ A,textrm{MeV} incident energy and decreases toward an asymptotic value $lambda_{NN}= 4.5 pm 1$ textrm{fm} at $E_{inc} = 100$ A,textrm{MeV}. After accounting for Pauli blocking of elastic nucleon-nucleon collisions, it is shown that the effective in-medium emph{NN} cross section is further reduced compared to the free value in this energy range. Therefore, in-medium effects cannot be neglected in the Fermi energy range. These results bring new fundamental inputs for microscopic descriptions of nuclear reactions in the Fermi energy domain.
The absolute differential cross sections for small-angle proton elastic scattering off the nuclei $^{12,14-17}$C have been measured in inverse kinematics at energies near 700 MeV/u at GSI Darmstadt. The hydrogen-filled ionization chamber IKAR served
A new method of accessing information on the symmetry free energy from yields of fragments produced in Fermi-energy heavy-ion collisions is proposed. Furthermore, by means of quantum fluctuation analysis techniques, correlations between extracted sym
Absolute differential cross sections for elastic $p^7$Be and $p^8$B small-angle scattering were measured in inverse kinematics at an energy of 0.7 GeV/u at GSI Darmstadt. The hydrogen-filled ionization chamber IKAR was used as an active target to det
We present, for the first time, simultaneous determination of shear viscosity ($eta$) and entropy density ($s$) and thus, $eta/s$ for equilibrated nuclear systems from $A$ $sim$ 30 to $A$ $sim$ 208 at different temperatures. At finite temperature, $e
With the aim of understanding the phase structure of nuclear matter created in high-energy nuclear collisions at finite baryon density, a beam energy scan program has been carried out at Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). In this mini-review, mo