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Single photon avalanche diode (SPAD) arrays have proven themselves as serious candidates for time of flight positron emission tomography (PET). Discrete readout schemes mitigate the low-noise requirements of analog schemes and offer very fine control over threshold levels and timing pickup strategies. A high optical fill factor is paramount to timing performance in such detectors, and consequently space is limited for closely integrated electronics. Nonetheless, a production, daily used PET scanner must minimize bandwidth usage, data volume, data analysis time and power consumption and therefore requires a real-time readout and data processing architecture as close to the detector as possible. We propose a fully digital, embedded real-time readout architecture for SPAD-based detector. The readout circuit is located directly under the SPAD array instead of within or beside it to remove the fill factor versus circuit capabilities tradeoff. The overall real-time engine reduces transmitted data by a factor of 8 in standard operational mode. Combined with small local memory buffers, this significantly reduces overall acquisition dead time. A prototype device featuring individual readout for 6 scintillator channels was fabricated. Timing readout is provided by a first photon discriminator and a 31 ps time to digital discriminator, while energy reading and event packaging is done using standard logic in real-time. The dedicated serial output line supports a sustained rate of 170k counts per second (CPS) in waveform mode, while the standard operational mode supports 2.2 MCPS.
The fast scintillation decay time and the high scintillation yield of liquid xenon makes it an appropriate material for nuclear medicine. Moreover, being a continuous medium with a uniform response, liquid xenon allows one to avoid most of the geomet
A new timing detector measuring ~50 MeV/c positrons is under development for the MEG II experiment, aiming at a time resolution $sigma_t sim 30~mathrm{ps}$. The resolution is expected to be achieved by measuring each positron time with multiple count
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This paper describes the characterization of crystal matrices and silicon photomultiplier arrays for a novel Positron Emission Tomography (PET) detector, namely the external plate of the EndoTOFPET-US system. The EndoTOFPET-US collaboration aims to i
Small animal Positron Emission Tomography (PET) is dedicated to small animal imaging, which requires high position and energy precision, as well as good flexibility and efficiency of the electronics. This paper presents the design of a digital signal