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A methodology is presented for estimating average values for the temperature and the frictional traction over a tool-workpiece interface using measured values of force and torque applied to the tool. The approach was developed specifically for friction stir welding and friction stir processing applications, but is sufficiently general to be of use in a variety of other processes that involve sliding contact and heating at a tool-workpiece interface. The methodology works with a finite element framework that is intended to predict the evolution of the microstructural state of the workpiece material as it undergoes a complex thermomechanical history imposed by the process tooling. We employ a three-dimensional, Eulerian, finite element formulation; it includes coupling among the solutions for velocity, temperature and material state evolution. A critical element of the methodology is a procedure to estimate the tool interface traction and temperature from typical, measured values of force and torque. The procedure leads naturally to an intuitive basis for estimating error that is used in conjunction with multiple meshes to assure convergence. The methodology is demonstrate for a suite of three experiments that had been previously published as part of a study on the effect of weld speed on friction stir welding. The probe interface temperatures and torques are estimated for all three weld speeds and the multi-mesh error estimation methodology is employed to quantify the rate of convergence. Finally, comparison of computed and measured power usage is used as a further validation. Using the converged results, trends in the material flow, temperature, stress, deformation rate and material state with changing weld conditions are examined.
The process of rapid solidification of a binary mixture is considered in the framework of local nonequilibrium model (LNM) based on the assumption that there is no local equilibrium in solute diffusion in the bulk liquid and at the solid-liquid inter
Triggered by the revival of multiferroic materials, a lot of effort is presently undergoing as to find a coupling between a capacitance and a magnetic field. We show in this report that interfaces are the right way of increasing such a coupling provi
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