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We present an overview of theoretical aspects of the phenomenon of gluon saturation in high energy scattering in Quantum Chromo Dynamics. Then we review the state-of-the-art of saturation-based phenomenological approaches to the study and characterisation of the initial state of ultra-relativistic heavy ion collisions performed at RHIC and the LHC. Our review focuses mostly in the Color Glass Condensate effective theory, although we shall also discuss other approaches in parallel.
We estimate the energy density and the gluon distribution associated with the classical fields describing the early-time dynamics of the heavy-ion collisions. We first decompose the energy density into the momentum components exactly in the McLerran-
$alpha$-clustering structure is a significant topic in light nuclei. A Bayesian convolutional neural network (BCNN) is applied to classify initial non-clustered and clustered configurations, namely Woods-Saxon distribution and three-$alpha$ triangula
We present a brief review of recent theoretical developments and related phenomenological approaches for understanding the initial state of heavy-ion collisions, with emphasis on the Color Glass Condensate formalism.
Coupling hadronic kinetic theory models to fluid dynamics in phenomenological studies of heavy ion collisions requires a prescription for ``particlization. Existing particlization models are based on implicit or explicit assumptions about the microsc
Relativistic models can be successfully applied to the description of compact star properties in nuclear astrophysics as well as to nuclear matter and finite nuclei properties, these studies taking place at low and moderate temperatures. Nevertheless