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Research over the past three decades has revolutionized the field of cosmology while supporting the standard cosmological model. However, the cosmological principle of Universal homogeneity and isotropy has always been in question, since structures as large as the survey size have always been found as the survey size has increased. Until now, the largest known structure in our Universe is the Sloan Great Wall (SGW), which is more than 400 Mpc long and located approximately one billion light-years away. Here we report the discovery of a structure at least six times larger than the Sloan Great Wall that is suggested by the distribution of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs). Gamma-ray bursts are the most energetic explosions in the Universe. They are associated with the stellar endpoints of massive stars and are found in and near distant galaxies. Therefore, they are very good indicators of the dense part of the Universe containing normal matter. As of July 2012, 283 GRB redshifts have been measured. If one subdivides this GRB sample into nine radial parts and compares the sky distributions of these subsamples (each containing 31 GRBs), one can observe that the fourth subsample (1.6 < z < 2.1) differs significantly from the others in that many of the GRBs are concentrated in the same angular area of the sky. Using the two-dimensional Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, the significance of this observation is found to be less than 0.05 per cent. Fourteen out of the 31 Gamma-Ray Bursts in this redshift band are concentrated in approximately 1/8 of the sky. The binomial probability to find such a deviation is p=0.0000055. This huge structure lies ten times farther away than the Sloan Great Wall, at a distance of approximately ten billion light-years. The size of the structure defined by these GRBs is about 2000-3000 Mpc, or more than six times the size of the largest known object (SGW) in the Universe.
We review recent results on the high-redshift universe and the cosmic evolution obtained using Gamma Ray Bursts (GRBs) as tracers of high-redshift galaxies. Most of the results come from photometric and spectroscopic observations of GRB host galaxies
The Hercules-Corona Borealis Great Wall is a statistically significant clustering of gamma-ray bursts around redshift 2. Motivated by recent theoretical results indicating that a maximal Universal structure size may indeed coincide with its estimated
Short Gamma-Ray Bursts (SGRBs) are expected to form from the coalescence of compact binaries, either of primordial origin or from dynamical interactions in globular clusters. In this paper, we investigate the possibility that the offset and afterglow
Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs) are the most powerful cosmic explosions since the Big Bang, and thus act as signposts throughout the distant Universe. Over the last 2 decades, these ultra-luminous cosmological explosions have been transformed from a mere cur
We study the Generalized Chaplygin gas model (GCGM) using Gamma-ray bursts as cosmological probes. In order to avoid the so-called circularity problem we use cosmology-independent data set and Bayesian statistics to impose constraints on the model pa