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This article derives a multipolar hierarchy for the propagation of the weak-lensing shear and convergence in a general spacetime. The origin of B-modes, in particular on large angular scales, is related to the local isotropy of space. Known results assuming a Friedmann-Lema^itre background are naturally recovered. The example of a Bianchi I spacetime illustrates our formalism and its implications for future observations are stressed.
A stochastic gravitational wave background (SGWB) will affect the CMB anisotropies via weak lensing. Unlike weak lensing due to large scale structure which only deflects photon trajectories, a SGWB has an additional effect of rotating the polarizatio
We propose and construct a two-parameter perturbative expansion around a Friedmann-Lema^{i}tre-Robertson-Walker geometry that can be used to model high-order gravitational effects in the presence of non-linear structure. This framework reduces to the
We discuss the manner in which the primordial magnetic field (PMF) suppresses the cosmic microwave background (CMB) $B$ mode due to the weak-lensing (WL) effect. The WL effect depends on the lensing potential (LP) caused by matter perturbations, the
We introduce the skew-spectrum statistic for weak lensing convergence $kappa$ maps and test it against state-of-the-art high-resolution all-sky numerical simulations. We perform the analysis as a function of source redshift and smoothing angular sc
We study the morphology of convergence maps by perturbatively reconstructing their Minkowski Functionals (MFs). We present a systematics study using a set of three generalised skew-spectra as a function of source redshift and smoothing angular scale.