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Vertical magnetic fields have been known to exist in the internetwork region for decades, while the properties of horizontal magnetic fields have recently been extensively investigated with textit{Hinode}. Vertical and horizontal magnetic fields in the internetwork region are considered to be separate entities and have thus far not been investigated in a unified way. We discover clear positional association between the vertical and horizontal magnetic fields in the internetwork region with textit{Hinode}. Essentially all of the horizontal magnetic patches are associated with the vertical magnetic patches. Alternatively, half of the vertical magnetic patches accommodate the horizontal magnetic patches. These horizontal patches are located around the borders of the vertical patches. The intrinsic magnetic field strength as obtained with the Stokes $V$ line ratio inside the horizontal patches is weak, and is in sub-equipartition field regime ($B<700$ G), while the field strength outside the horizontal patches ranges from weak to strong (kG) fields. Vertical magnetic patches are known to be concentrated on mesogranular and supergranular boundaries, while the horizontal magnetic patches are found only on the mesogranular boundaries. These observations provide us with new information on the origin of the vertical and horizontal internetwork magnetic fields, in a unified way. We conjecture that internetwork magnetic fields are provided by emergence of small-scale flux tubes with bipolar footpoints, and the vertical magnetic fields of the footpoints are intensified to kG fields due to convective collapse. Resultant strong vertical fields are advected by the supergranular flow, and eventually form the network fields.
This work reviews our understanding of the magnetic fields observed in the quiet Sun. The subject has undergone a major change during the last decade (quiet revolution), and it will remain changing since the techniques of diagnostic employed so far a
We study the relation between mesogranular flows, convectively driven sinks and magnetic fields using high spatial resolution spectropolarimetric data acquired with the Imaging Magnetograph eXperiment on board Sunrise. We obtain the horizontal veloci
We present high-precision spectro-polarimetric data with high spatial resolution (0.4$$) of the very quiet Sun at 1.56$mu$m obtained with the GREGOR telescope to shed some light on this complex magnetism. Half of our observed quiet-Sun region is bett
Properties of transient horizontal magnetic fields (THMFs) in both plage and quiet Sun regions are obtained and compared. Spectro-polarimetric observations with the Solar Optical Telescope (SOT) on the Hinode satellite were carried out with a cadence
We investigate the fine structure of magnetic fields in the atmosphere of the quiet Sun. We use photospheric magnetic field measurements from {sc Sunrise}/IMaX with unprecedented spatial resolution to extrapolate the photospheric magnetic field into