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Many efforts have been made to model the mass distribution and dynamical evolution of the circumnuclear gas in active galactic nuclei (AGNs). However, chemical evolution is not included in detail in three-dimensional (3-D) hydrodynamic simulations. The X-ray radiation from the AGN can drive the gas chemistry and affect the thermodynamics, as well as the excitation of the interstellar medium (ISM). Therefore, we estimate the effects (on chemical abundances and excitation) of X-ray irradiation by the AGN, for atomic and molecular gas in a 3-D hydrodynamic model of an AGN torus. We obtain the abundances of various species from an X-ray chemical model. A 3-D radiative transfer code estimates the level populations, which result in line intensity maps. Predictions for the CO J=1-0 to J=9-8 lines indicate that mid-J CO lines are excellent probes of density and dynamics in the central (<60 pc) region of the AGN, in contrast to the low-J CO lines. Analysis of the X_CO/alpha conversion factors shows that only the higher-J CO lines can be used for gas mass determination in AGN tori. The [C II] 158 um emission traces mostly the hot (T_k>1000m K) central (<60 pc) region of the AGN torus. The [C II] 158 um line will be useful for ALMA observations of high redshift (z>1) AGNs. The spatial scales (>0.25 pc) probed with our simulations match the size of the structures that ALMA will resolve in nearby (<45 Mpc at 0.01) galaxies.
[Abridged] The detection of the rotational lines of CO in proto-galaxies in the early Universe provides one of the most promising ways of probing the fundamental physical properties of a galaxy, such as its size, dynamical mass, gas density, and temp
We present sensitive 870$mu$m continuum measurements from our ALMA programmes of 114 X-ray selected AGN in the CDF-S and COSMOS fields. We use these observations in combination with data from Spitzer and Herschel to construct a sample of 86 X-ray sel
We report spatial distributions of the Fe-K$alpha$ line at 6.4 keV and the CO($J$ = 2--1) line at 230.538 GHz in NGC 2110, which are respectively revealed by $Chandra$ and ALMA at $approx$ 0.5 arcsec. A $Chandra$ 6.2--6.5 keV-to-3.0--6.0 keV image su
We describe a complete volume limited sample of nearby active galaxies selected by their 14-195keV luminosity, and outline its rationale for studying the mechanisms regulating gas inflow and outflow. We describe also a complementary sample of inactiv
Sources of X-rays such as active galactic nuclei and X-ray binaries are often variable by orders of magnitude in luminosity over timescales of years. During and after these flares the surrounding gas is out of chemical and thermal equilibrium. We int