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تسجيل مستخدم جديدWater in IRC+10216: a genuine formation process by shock-induced chemistry in the inner wind
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Isabelle Cherchneff
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Context: The presence of water in the wind of the extreme carbon star IRC+10216 has been confirmed by the Herschel telescope. The regions where the high-J H2O lines have been detected are close to the star at radii r geq 15 Rast. Aims: We investigate the formation of water and related molecules in the periodically-shocked inner layers of IRC+10216 where dust also forms and accelerates the wind. Methods: We describe the molecular formation by a chemical kinetic network involving carbon-and oxygen-based molecules. We then apply this network to the physical conditions pertaining to the dust-formation zone which experiences the passage of pulsation- driven shocks between 1 and 5 Rast. We solve for a system of stiff, coupled, ordinary, and differential equations. Results: Non-equilibrium chemistry prevails in the dust-formation zone. H2O forms quickly above the photosphere from the synthesis of hydroxyl OH induced by the thermal fragmentation of CO in the hot post-shock gas. The derived abundance with respect to H2 at 5 Rast is 1.4times10-7, which excellently agrees the values derived from Herschel observations. The non-equilibrium formation process of water will be active whatever the stellar C/O ratio, and H2O should then be present in the wind acceleration zone of all stars on the Asymptotic Giant Branch.
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Aims. We model the chemistry of the inner wind of the carbon star IRC+10216 and consider the effect of periodic shocks induced by the stellar pulsation on the gas to follow the non-equilibrium chemistry in the shocked gas layers. We consider a very c
omplete set of chemical families, including hydrocarbons and aromatics, hydrides, halogens and phosphorous-bearing species. Derived abundances are compared to the latest observational data from large surveys and Herschel. Results. The shocks induce a non-equilibrium chemistry in the dust formation zone of IRC+10216 where the collision destruction of CO in the post-shock gas triggers the formation of O-bearing species (H2O, SiO). Most of the modelled abundances agree very well with the latest values derived from Herschel data on IRC+10216. Hydrides form a family of abundant species that are expelled into the intermediate envelope. In particular, HF traps all the atomic fluorine in the dust formation zone. Halogens are also abundant and their chemistry is independent of the C/O ratio of the star. Therefore, HCl and other Cl-bearing species should also be present in the inner wind of O-rich AGB or supergiant stars. We identify a specific region ranging from 2.5 R* to 4 R*, where polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons form and grow. The estimated carbon dust-to-gas mass ratio derived from the mass of aromatics ranges from 1.2 x 10^(-3) to 5.8 x 10^{-3} and agrees well with existing observational values. The aromatic formation region is located outside hot layers where SiC2 is produced as a bi-product of silicon carbide dust synthesis. Finally, we predict that some molecular lines will show flux variation with pulsation phase and time (e.g., H2O) while other species will not (e.g., CO). These variations merely reflect the non-equilibrium chemistry that destroys and reforms molecules over a pulsation period in the shocked gas of the dust formation zone.
We present the detection of C4H2 for first time in the envelope of the C-rich AGB star IRC+10216 based on high spectral resolution mid-IR observations carried out with the Texas Echelon-cross-Echelle Spectrograph (TEXES) mounted on the Infrared Teles
cope Facility (IRTF). The obtained spectrum contains 24 narrow absorption features above the detection limit identified as lines of the ro-vibrational C4H2 band nu6+nu8(sigma_u^+). The analysis of these lines through a ro-vibrational diagram indicates that the column density of C4H2 is 2.4(1.5)E+16 cm^(-2). Diacetylene is distributed in two excitation populations accounting for 20 and 80% of the total column density and with rotational temperatures of 47(7) and 420(120) K, respectively. This two-folded rotational temperature suggests that the absorbing gas is located beyond ~0.4~20R* from the star with a noticeable cold contribution outwards from ~10~500R*. This outer shell matches up with the place where cyanoacetylenes and carbon chains are known to form due to the action of the Galactic dissociating radiation field on the neutral gas coming from the inner layers of the envelope.
We present high spectral resolution mid-IR observations of SiS towards the C-rich AGB star IRC+10216 carried out with the Texas Echelon-cross-Echelle Spectrograph mounted on the NASA Infrared Telescope Facility. We have identified 204 ro-vibrational
lines of 28Si32S, 26 of 29Si32S, 20 of 28Si34S, and 15 of 30Si32S in the frequency range 720-790 cm-1. These lines belong to bands v=1-0, 2-1, 3-2, 4-3, and 5-4, and involve rotational levels with Jlow<90. About 30 per cent of these lines are unblended or weakly blended and can be partially or entirely fitted with a code developed to model the mid-IR emission of a spherically symmetric circumstellar envelope composed of expanding gas and dust. The observed lines trace the envelope at distances to the star <35R* (~0.7 arcsec). The fits are compatible with an expansion velocity of 1+2.5(r/R*-1) km/s between 1 and 5R*, 11 km/s between 5 and 20R*, and 14.5 km/s outwards. The derived abundance profile of 28Si32S with respect to H2 is 4.9e-6 between the stellar photosphere and 5R*, decreasing linearly to 1.6e-6 at 20R* and to 1.3e-6 at 50R*. 28Si32S seems to be rotationally under LTE in the region of the envelope probed with our observations and vibrationally out of LTE in most of it. There is a red-shifted emission excess in the 28Si32S lines of band v=1-0 that cannot be found in the lines of bands v=2-1, 3-2, 4-3, and 5-4. This excess could be explained by an enhancement of the vibrational temperature around 20R* behind the star. The derived isotopic ratios 28Si/29Si, and 32S/34S are 17 and 14, compatible with previous estimates.
A single dish monitoring of millimeter maser lines SiS J=14-13 and HCN nu_2 = 1^f J=3-2 and several other rotational lines is reported for the archetypal carbon star IRC+10216. Relative line strength variations of 5%~30% are found for eight molecular
line features with respect to selected reference lines. Definite line-shape variation is found in limited velocity intervals of the SiS and HCN line profiles. The asymmetrical line profiles of the two lines are mainly due to the varying components. Their dominant varying components of the line profiles have similar periods and phases as the IR light variation, although both quantities show some degree of velocity dependence; there is also variability asymmetry between the blue and red line wings of both lines. Combining the velocities and amplitudes with a wind velocity model, we suggest that the line profile variations are due to SiS and HCN masing lines emanating from the wind acceleration zone. The possible link of the variabilities to thermal, dynamical and/or chemical processes within or under this region is also discussed.
IRC +10216 is the prototypical carbon star exhibiting an extended molecular circumstellar envelope. Its spectral properties are therefore the template for an entire class of objects. The main goal is to systematically study the $lambda$ $sim$1.3 cm s
pectral line characteristics of IRC +10216. We carried out a spectral line survey with the Effelsberg-100 m telescope toward IRC +10216. It covers the frequency range between 17.8 GHz and 26.3 GHz (K-band). In the circumstellar shell of IRC +10216, we find 78 spectral lines, among which 12 remain unidentified. The identified lines are assigned to 18 different molecules and radicals. A total of 23 lines from species known to exist in this envelope are detected for the first time outside the Solar System and there are additional 20 lines first detected in IRC +10216. The potential orgin of U lines is also discussed. Assuming local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE), we then determine rotational temperatures and column densities of 17 detected molecules. Molecular abundances relative to H$_{2}$ are also estimated. A non-LTE analysis of NH$_{3}$ shows that the bulk of its emission arises from the inner envelope with a kinetic temperature of 70$pm$20 K. Evidence for NH$_{3}$ emitting gas with higher kinetic temperature is also obtained, and potential abundance differences between various $^{13}$C-bearing isotopologues of HC$_{5}$N are evaluated. Overall, the isotopic $^{12}$C/$^{13}$C ratio is estimated to be 49$pm$9. Finally, a comparison of detected molecules in the $lambda$ $sim$1.3 cm range with the dark cloud TMC-1 indicates that silicate-bearing molecules are more predominant in IRC +10216.
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