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The low-mass end of the stellar Initial Mass Function (IMF) is constrained by focusing on the baryon-dominated central regions of strong lensing galaxies. We study in this letter the Einstein Cross (Q2237+0305), a z=0.04 barred galaxy whose bulge acts as lens on a background quasar. The positions of the four quasar images constrain the surface mass density on the lens plane, whereas the surface brightness (H-band NICMOS/HST imaging) along with deep spectroscopy of the lens (VLT/FORS1) allow us to constrain the stellar mass content, for a range of IMFs. We find that a classical single power law (Salpeter IMF) predicts more stellar mass than the observed lensing estimates. This result is confirmed at the 99% confidence level, and is robust to systematic effects due to the choice of population synthesis models, the presence of dust, or the complex disk/bulge population mix. Our non-parametric methodology is more robust than kinematic estimates, as we do not need to make any assumptions about the dynamical state of the galaxy or its decomposition into bulge and disk. Over a range of low-mass power law slopes (with Salpeter being Gamma=+1.35) we find that at a 90% confidence level, slopes with Gamma>0 are ruled out.
Supernovae arise from progenitor stars occupying the upper end of the initial mass function. Their extreme brightness allows individual massive stars to be detected at cosmic distances, lending supernovae great potential as tracers of the upper end o
Prior to the detection of black holes (BHs) via the gravitational waves (GWs) they generate at merger, the presence of BHs was inferred in X-ray binaries, mostly via dynamical measurements, with masses in the range between $sim 5-20~M_odot$. The LIGO
We discuss the possibility that gravitational focusing, is responsible for the power-law mass function of star clusters $N(log M) propto M^{-1}$. This power law can be produced asymptotically when the mass accretion rate of an object depends upon the
The initial mass function (IMF) is an important, yet enigmatic aspect of the star formation process. The two major open questions regarding the IMF are: is the IMF constant regardless of environment? Is the IMF a universal property of star formation?
We explore the effect of massive neutrinos on the weak lensing shear bispectrum using the Cosmological Massive Neutrino Simulations. We find that the primary effect of massive neutrinos is to suppress the amplitude of the bispectrum with limited effe