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We report on the limitations of sky subtraction accuracy for long duration fibre-optic multi-object spectroscopy of faint astronomical sources during long duration exposures. We show that while standard sky subtraction techniques yield accuracies consistent with the Poisson noise limit for exposures of 1 hour duration, there are large scale systematic defects that inhibit the sensitivity gains expected on the summation of longer duration exposures. For the AAOmega system at the Anglo-Australian Telescope we identify a limiting systematic sky subtraction accuracy which is reached after integration times of 4-10 hours. We show that these systematic defects can be avoided through the use of the fibre nod-and-shuffle observing mode, but with potential cost in observing efficiency. Finally we demonstrate that these disadvantages can be overcome through the application of a Principle Components Analysis sky subtraction routine. Such an approach minimise systematic residuals across long duration exposures allowing deep integrations. We apply the PCA approach to over 200 hours of on-sky observations and conclude that for the AAOmega system the residual error in long duration observations falls at a rate proportional to t^-0.32 in contrast to the t^-0.5 rate expected from theoretical considerations. With this modest rate of decline, the PCA approach represents a more efficient mode of observation than the nod-and-shuffle technique for observations in the sky limited regime with durations of 10-100 hours (even before accounting for the additional signal-to-noise and targeting efficiency losses often associated with the N+S technique).[abridged]
Fibre-fed spectrographs now have throughputs equivalent to slit spectrographs. However, the sky subtraction accuracy that can be reached has often been pinpointed as one of the major issues associated with the use of fibres. Using technical time obse
Fibre Multi-Object Spectrograph (FMOS) is the first near-infrared instrument with a wide field of view capable of acquiring spectra simultaneously from up to 400 objects. It has been developed as a common-use instrument for the F/2 prime-focus of the
Context. Several new multi-object spectrographs are currently planned or under construction that are capable of observing thousands of Galactic and extragalactic objects simultaneously. Aims. In this paper we present a probabilistic fibre-to-target
The EAGLE and EVE Phase A studies for instruments for the European Extremely Large Telescope (E-ELT) originated from related top-level scientific questions, but employed different (yet complementary) methods to deliver the required observations. We r
We present a description of the Australian Dark Energy Survey (OzDES) and summarise the results from its six years of operations. Using the 2dF fibre positioner and AAOmega spectrograph on the 3.9-metre Anglo-Australian Telescope, OzDES has monitored