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It has recently been noted that many discs around T Tauri stars appear to comprise only a few Jupiter-masses of gas and dust. Using millimetre surveys of discs within six local star-formation regions, we confirm this result, and find that only a few percent of young stars have enough circumstellar material to build gas giant planets, in standard core accretion models. Since the frequency of observed exo-planets is greater than this, there is a `missing mass problem. As alternatives to simply adjusting the conversion of dust-flux to disc mass, we investigate three other classes of solution. Migration of planets could hypothetically sweep up the disc mass reservoir more efficiently, but trends in multi-planet systems do not support such a model, and theoretical models suggest that the gas accretion timescale is too short for migration to sweep the disc. Enhanced inner-disc mass reservoirs are possible, agreeing with predictions of disc evolution through self-gravity, but not adding to millimetre dust-flux as the inner disc is optically thick. Finally, the incidence of massive discs is shown to be higher at the {it proto}stellar stages, Classes 0 and I, where discs substantial enough to form planets via core accretion are abundant enough to match the frequency of exo-planets. Gravitational instability may also operate in the Class 0 epoch, where half the objects have potentially unstable discs of $ga$30 % of the stellar mass. However, recent calculations indicate that forming gas giants inside 50 AU by instability is unlikely, even in such massive discs. Overall, the results presented suggest that the canonically proto-planetary discs of Class II T Tauri stars {bf have globally low masses in dust observable at millimetre wavelengths, and conversion to larger bodies (anywhere from small rocks up to planetary cores) must already have occurred.}
When imaged at high-resolution, many proto-planetary discs show gaps and rings in their dust sub-mm continuum emission profile. These structures are widely considered to originate from local maxima in the gas pressure profile. The properties of the u
A correlation between proto-planetary disc radii and sub-mm fluxes has been recently reported. In this Letter we show that the correlation is a sensitive probe of grain growth processes. Using models of grain growth and drift, we have shown in a comp
Protoplanetary disks contain structures such as gaps, rings, and spirals, which are thought to be produced by the interaction between the disk and embedded protoplanets. However, only a few planet candidates are found orbiting within protoplanetary d
During the evolution of proto-planetary disc, photo-evaporations of both central and external stars play important roles. Considering the complicated radiation surroundings in the clusters, where the star formed, the proto-planetary discs survive in
The formation, structure and evolution of protoplanetary discs is considered. The formation of giant planets within the environment of these models is also discussed.