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تسجيل مستخدم جديدTime-reversed symmetry and covariant Lyapunov vectors for simple particle models in and out of thermal equilibrium
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Recently, a new algorithm for the computation of covariant Lyapunov vectors and of corresponding local Lyapunov exponents has become available. Here we study the properties of these still unfamiliar quantities for a number of simple models, including an harmonic oscillator coupled to a thermal gradient with a two-stage thermostat, which leaves the system ergodic and fully time reversible. We explicitly demonstrate how time-reversal invariance affects the perturbation vectors in tangent space and the associated local Lyapunov exponents. We also find that the local covariant exponents vary discontinuously along directions transverse to the phase flow.
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Lyapunov exponents are well-known characteristic numbers that describe growth rates of perturbations applied to a trajectory of a dynamical system in different state space directions. Covariant (or characteristic) Lyapunov vectors indicate these dire
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