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The Luminosity and Energy Dependence of Pulse Phase Lags in the Accretion-powered Millisecond Pulsar SAX J1808.4-3658

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 نشر من قبل Jacob Hartman
 تاريخ النشر 2009
  مجال البحث فيزياء
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Soft phase lags, in which X-ray pulses in lower energy bands arrive later than pulses in higher energy bands, have been observed in nearly all accretion-powered millisecond pulsars, but their origin remains an open question. In a study of the 2.5 ms accretion-powered pulsar SAX J1808.4-3658, we report that the magnitude of these lags is strongly dependent on the accretion rate. During the brightest stage of the outbursts from this source, the lags increase in magnitude as the accretion rate drops; when the outbursts enter their dimmer flaring-tail stage, the relationship reverses. We evaluate this complex dependence in the context of two theoretical models for the lags, one relying on the scattering of photons by the accretion disk and the other invoking a two-component model for the photon emission. In both cases, the turnover suggests that we are observing the source transitioning into the propeller accretion regime.



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120 - Jacob M. Hartman 2007
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74 - Wei Cui , 1998
We report the discovery of phase shifts between X-ray pulses at different energies in the newly discovered millisecond (ms) X-ray pulsar SAX J1808.4-3658. The results show that low-energy pulses lag high-energy pulses by as much as $sim$0.2 ms (or $s im$8% of the pulse period). The measurements were made in two different ways: (1) computing cross power spectra between different energy bands, and (2) cross-correlating the folded pulse profiles in different energy bands; consistent results were obtained. We speculate that the observed soft lags might be related to the lateral expansion and subsequent cooling of a ``hot spot on the neutron star surface in which the pulsed X-ray emission originates. Also presented is the possibility of producing soft lags via Compton down scattering of hard X-ray photons from the hot spot in the cool surrounding atmosphere. We will discuss possible X-ray production mechanisms for SAX J1808.4-3658 and constraints on the emission environment, based on the observed soft lags, pulse profiles, and energy spectrum.
64 - Duncan Galloway 2006
We analysed Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer observations of the accretion-powered 401 Hz pulsar SAX J1808.4-3658, in order to precisely determine the source distance. While the fluences for the five transient outbursts observed from 1996 were constant to within the uncertainties, the outburst interval varied signficantly, so that the time-averaged flux (and accretion rate) decreased by around 40%. By equating the time-averaged X-ray flux with the expected mass transfer rate from gravitational radiation, we derived a lower limit on the distance of 3.4 kpc. Combined with an upper limit from assuming that the four radius-expansion thermonuclear bursts observed during the 2002 October outburst reached at most the Eddington limit for a pure He atmosphere, we found that the probable distance range for the source is 3.4-3.6 kpc. The implied inclination, based on the optical/IR properties of the counterpart, is i<~30 degrees. We compared the properties of the bursts with an ignition model. The time between bursts was long enough for hot CNO burning to significantly deplete the accreted hydrogen, so that ignition occurred in a pure helium layer underlying a stable hydrogen burning shell. This is the first time that this burning regime has been securely observationally identified. The observed energetics of the bursts give a mean hydrogen fraction at ignition of <X> approx. 0.1, and require that the accreted hydrogen fraction X_0 and the CNO metallicity Z_CNO are related by Z_CNO approx. 0.03(X_0/0.7)^2. We show that in this burning regime, a measurement of the burst recurrence time and energetics allows the local accretion rate onto the star to be determined independently of the accreted composition, giving a new method for estimating the source distance which is in good agreement with our other estimates.
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We report the detection of a possible gamma-ray counterpart of the accreting millisecond pulsar SAX J1808.4-3658. The analysis of ~6 years of data from the Large Area Telescope on board the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope (Fermi-LAT) within a region of 15deg radius around the position of the pulsar reveals a point gamma-ray source detected at a significance of ~6 sigma (Test Statistic TS = 32), with position compatible with that of SAX J1808.4-3658 within 95% Confidence Level. The energy flux in the energy range between 0.6 GeV and 10 GeV amounts to (2.1 +- 0.5) x 10-12 erg cm-2 s-1 and the spectrum is well-represented by a power-law function with photon index 2.1 +- 0.1. We searched for significant variation of the flux at the spin frequency of the pulsar and for orbital modulation, taking into account the trials due to the uncertainties in the position, the orbital motion of the pulsar and the intrinsic evolution of the pulsar spin. No significant deviation from a constant flux at any time scale was found, preventing a firm identification via time variability. Nonetheless, the association of the LAT source as the gamma-ray counterpart of SAX J1808.4-3658 would match the emission expected from the millisecond pulsar, if it switches on as a rotation-powered source during X-ray quiescence.
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