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Measuring the similarity of short written contexts is a fundamental problem in Natural Language Processing. This article provides a unifying framework by which short context problems can be categorized both by their intended application and proposed solution. The goal is to show that various problems and methodologies that appear quite different on the surface are in fact very closely related. The axes by which these categorizations are made include the format of the contexts (headed versus headless), the way in which the contexts are to be measured (first-order versus second-order similarity), and the information used to represent the features in the contexts (micro versus macro views). The unifying thread that binds together many short context applications and methods is the fact that similarity decisions must be made between contexts that share few (if any) words in common.
Here, we discuss a collection of cutting-edge techniques and applications in use today by some of the leading experts in the field of correlative approaches in single-molecule biophysics. A key difference in emphasis, compared with traditional single
Evaluating the quality of a dialogue system is an understudied problem. The recent evolution of evaluation method motivated this survey, in which an explicit and comprehensive analysis of the existing methods is sought. We are first to divide the eva
Early classification of time series has been extensively studied for minimizing class prediction delay in time-sensitive applications such as healthcare and finance. A primary task of an early classification approach is to classify an incomplete time
Magnetic particle spectroscopy (MPS), also called magnetization response spectroscopy, is a novel measurement tool derived from magnetic particle imaging (MPI). It can be interpreted as a zero-dimensional version of MPI scanner. MPS was primarily des
Here, we report analysis and summary of research in the field of localization microscopy for optical imaging. We introduce the basic elements of super-resolved localization microscopy methods for PALM and STORM, commonly used both in vivo and in vitr