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تسجيل مستخدم جديدDissecting the Gravitational Lens B1608+656. I. Lens Potential Reconstruction
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Strong gravitational lensing is a powerful technique for probing galaxy mass distributions and for measuring cosmological parameters. We present a pixelated approach to modeling simultaneously the lens potential and source intensity of strong gravitational lens systems with extended source-intensity distributions. For systems with sources of sufficient extent such that the separate lensed images are connected by intensity measurements, the accuracy in the reconstructed potential is solely limited by the quality of the data. We apply this potential reconstruction technique to deep HST observations of B1608+656, a four-image gravitational lens system formed by a pair of interacting lens galaxies. We present a comprehensive Bayesian analysis of the system that takes into account the extended source-intensity distribution, dust extinction, and the interacting lens galaxies. Our approach allows us to compare various models of the components of the lens system, which include the point-spread function (PSF), dust, lens galaxy light, source-intensity distribution, and lens potential. Using optimal combinations of the PSF, dust, and lens galaxy light models, we successfully reconstruct both the lens potential and the extended source-intensity distribution of B1608+656. The resulting reconstruction can be used as the basis of a measurement of the Hubble constant. We use our reconstruction of the gravitational potential to study the relative distribution of mass and light in the lensing galaxies. We find that the mass-to-light ratio for the primary lens galaxy is (2.0+/-0.2)h M_{sun} L_{B,sun}^{-1} within the Einstein radius 3.9 h^{-1} kpc, in agreement with what is found for noninteracting lens galaxies at the same scales. (Abridged)
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We present a refined gravitational lens model of the four-image lens system B1608+656 based on new and improved observational constraints: (i) the three independent time-delays and flux-ratios from VLA observations, (ii) the radio-image positions fro
m VLBA observations, (iii) the shape of the deconvolved Einstein Ring from optical and infrared HST images, (iv) the extinction-corrected lens-galaxy centroids and structural parameters, and (v) a stellar velocity dispersion, sigma_ap=247+-35 km/s, of the primary lens galaxy (G1), obtained from an echelle spectrum taken with the Keck--II telescope. The lens mass model consists of two elliptical mass distributions with power-law density profiles and an external shear, totaling 22 free parameters, including the density slopes which are the key parameters to determine the value of H_0 from lens time delays. This has required the development of a new lens code that is highly optimized for speed. The minimum-chi^2 model reproduces all observations very well, including the stellar velocity dispersion and the shape of the Einstein Ring. A combined gravitational-lens and stellar dynamical analysis leads to a value of the Hubble Constant of H_0=75(+7/-6) km/s/Mpc (68 percent CL; Omega_m=0.3, Omega_Lambda=0.7. The non-linear error analysis includes correlations between all free parameters, in particular the density slopes of G1 and G2, yielding an accurate determination of the random error on H_0. The lens galaxy G1 is ~5 times more massive than the secondary lens galaxy (G2), and has a mass density slope of gamma_G1=2.03(+0.14/-0.14) +- 0.03 (68 percent CL) for rho~r^-gamma, very close to isothermal (gamma=2). (Abridged)
We report the discovery of four groups of galaxies along the line of sight to the B1608+656 gravitational lens system. One group is at the redshift of the primary lensing galaxy (z = 0.631) and appears to have a low mass, with eight spectroscopically
-confirmed members and an estimated velocity dispersion of 150+/-60 km/s. The three other groups are in the foreground of the lens. These groups contain ~10 confirmed members each, and are located at redshifts of 0.265, 0.426, and 0.520. Two of the three additional groups are centered roughly on the lens system, while the third is centered ~1 arcminute south of the lens. We find that each group provides an external convergence (kappa_ext) of ~0.005--0.060, depending on the assumptions made in calculating the convergence. For lens systems where no additional observables that can break the mass-sheet degeneracy exist, the determination of H_0 will be biased high by a factor of (1-kappa_ext)^{-1} if the external convergence is not properly included in the model. For the B1608+656 system, the stellar velocity dispersion of the lensing galaxy has been measured, thus breaking the mass-sheet degeneracy due to the group that is physically associated with the lens. The effect of the other groups along the line of sight can be folded into the overall uncertainties due to large-scale structure (LSS) along the line of sight. Because the B1608+656 system appears to lie along an overdense line of sight, the LSS will cause the measurement of H_0 to be biased high for this system. The systematic bias introduced by LSS could be 5% or greater. (Abridged)
EDITED FROM PAPER: We present mass models of the four-image gravitational lens system B1608+656. A mass model for the lens galaxies has been determined that reproduces the image positions, two out of three flux-density ratios and the model time delay
s. Using the time delays determined by Fassnacht et al. (1999a), we find that the best isothermal mass model gives H_0=59^{+7}_{-6} km/s/Mpc for Omega_m=1 and Omega_l=0.0, or H_0=(65-63)^{+7}_{-6} km/s/Mpc for Omega_m=0.3 and Omega_l = 0.0-0.7 (95.4% statistical confidence). A systematic error of +/-15 km/s/Mpc is estimated. This cosmological determination of H_0 agrees well with determinations from three other gravitational lens systems (i.e. B0218+357, Q0957+561 and PKS1830-211), SNe Ia, the S-Z effect and local determinations. The current agreement on H_0 from four out of five gravitational lens systems (i) emphasizes the reliability of its determination from isolated gravitational lens systems and (ii) suggests that a close-to-isothermal mass profile can describe disk galaxies, ellipticals and central cluster ellipticals. The average of H_0 from B0218+357, Q0957+561, B1608+656 and PKS1830-211, gives H_0(GL)=69 +/-7 km/s/Mpc for a flat universe with Omega_m=1 or H_0(GL)=74 +/-8 km/s/Mpc for Omega_m=0.3 and Omega_l=0.0-0.7. When including PG1115+080, these values decrease to 64 +/-11 km/s/Mpc and 68 +/-13 km/s/Mpc (2-sigma errors), respectively.
Compact groups of galaxies recently have been discovered in association with several strong gravitational lens systems. These groups provide additional convergence to the lensing potential and thus affect the value of H_0 derived from the systems. Le
ns system time delays are now being measured with uncertainties of only a few percent or better. Additionally, vast improvements are being made in incorporating observational constraints such as Einstein ring structures and stellar velocity dispersions into the lens models. These advances are reducing the uncertainties on H_0 to levels at which the the effects of associated galaxy groups may contribute significantly to the overall error budget. We describe a dedicated multiwavelength program, using Keck, HST, and Chandra, to find such groups and measure their properties. We present, as a case study, results obtained from observations of the CLASS lens system B1608+656 and discuss the implications for the value of H_0 derived from this system.
Large scale imaging surveys will increase the number of galaxy-scale strong lensing candidates by maybe three orders of magnitudes beyond the number known today. Finding these rare objects will require picking them out of at least tens of millions of
images and deriving scientific results from them will require quantifying the efficiency and bias of any search method. To achieve these objectives automated methods must be developed. Because gravitational lenses are rare objects reducing false positives will be particularly important. We present a description and results of an open gravitational lens finding challenge. Participants were asked to classify 100,000 candidate objects as to whether they were gravitational lenses or not with the goal of developing better automated methods for finding lenses in large data sets. A variety of methods were used including visual inspection, arc and ring finders, support vector machines (SVM) and convolutional neural networks (CNN). We find that many of the methods will be easily fast enough to analyse the anticipated data flow. In test data, several methods are able to identify upwards of half the lenses after applying some thresholds on the lens characteristics such as lensed image brightness, size or contrast with the lens galaxy without making a single false-positive identification. This is significantly better than direct inspection by humans was able to do. (abridged)
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