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تسجيل مستخدم جديدDark Energy and the Hubble Constant
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H. Arp
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Dark energy is inferred from a Hubble expansion which is slower at epochs which are earlier than ours. But evidence reviewed here shows $H_0$ for nearby galaxies is actually less than currently adopted and would instead require {it deceleration} to reach the current value. Distances of Cepheid variables in galaxies in the Local Supercluster have been measured by the Hubble Space Telescope and it is argued here that they require a low value of $H_0$ along with redshifts which are at least partly intrinsic. The intrinsic component is hypothesized to be a result of the particle masses increasing with time. The same considerations apply to Dark Matter. But with particle masses growing with time, the condensation from plasmoid to proto galaxy not only does away with the need for unseen ``dark matter but also explains the intrinsic (non-velocity) redshifts of younger matter.
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e $-1$ regime to less than $-1$, accelerating the Universe slower at the early stage and faster at the late stage. We propose the HDE as a new {it physical} resolution to the Hubble constant discrepancy between the cosmic microwave background (CMB) and local measurements. With Planck CMB and galaxy baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) data, we fit the HDE prediction of the Hubble constant as $H_0^{}!=, 71.54pm1.78,mathrm{km,s^{-1} Mpc^{-1}}$, consistent with local $H_0^{}$ measurements by LMC Cepheid Standards (R19) at $1.4sigma$ level. Combining Planck+BAO+R19, we find the HDE parameter $c=0.51pm0.02$ and $H_0^{}! = 73.12pm 1.14,mathrm{km ,s^{-1} Mpc^{-1}}$, which fits cosmological data at all redshifts. Future CMB and large-scale structure surveys will further test the holographic scenario.
Joint analysis of Cosmic Microwave Background, Baryon Acoustic Oscillation, and supernova data has enabled precision estimation of cosmological parameters. New programs will push to 1% uncertainty in the dark energy equation of state and tightened co
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al astrophysical objects which have some property that allows their intrinsic luminosity or size to be determined, or allows the determination of their distance by geometric means. The second category comprises the use of all-sky cosmic microwave background, or correlations between large samples of galaxies, to determine information about the geometry of the Universe and hence the Hubble constant, typically in a combination with other cosmological parameters. Many, but not all, object-based measurements give $H_0$ values of around 72-74km/s/Mpc , with typical errors of 2-3km/s/Mpc. This is in mild discrepancy with CMB-based measurements, in particular those from the Planck satellite, which give values of 67-68km/s/Mpc and typical errors of 1-2km/s/Mpc. The size of the remaining systematics indicate that accuracy rather than precision is the remaining problem in a good determination of the Hubble constant. Whether a discrepancy exists, and whether new physics is needed to resolve it, depends on details of the systematics of the object-based methods, and also on the assumptions about other cosmological parameters and which datasets are combined in the case of the all-sky methods.
In this paper we fit two models of Early Dark Energy (EDE) (an increase in the expansion rate before recombination) to the combination of Atacama Space Telescope (ACT) measurements of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) with data from either the WM
AP or the Planck satellite, along with measurements of the baryon acoustic oscillations and uncalibrated supernovae luminosity distance. We study a phenomenological axion-like potential (axEDE) and a scalar field experiencing a first-order phase-transition (NEDE). We find that for both models the Planck-free analysis yields non-zero EDE at > 2 sigma and an increased value for $H_0 sim 70-74$ km/s/Mpc, compatible with local measurements, without the inclusion of any prior on $H_0$. On the other hand, the inclusion of Planck data restricts the EDE contribution to an upper-limit only at 95% C.L. For axEDE, the combination of Planck and ACT leads to constraints 30% weaker than with Planck alone, and there is no residual Hubble tension. On the other hand, NEDE is more strongly constrained in a Planck+ACT analysis, and the Hubble tension remains at $sim 3sigma$, illustrating the ability for CMB data to distinguish between EDE models. We explore the apparent inconsistency between the Planck and ACT data and find that it comes (mostly) from a slight tension between the temperature power spectrum at multipoles around $sim 1000$ and $sim 1500$. Finally, through a mock analysis of ACT data, we demonstrate that the preference for EDE is not driven by a lack of information at high-$ell$ when removing Planck data, and that a LCDM fit to the fiducial EDE cosmology results in a significant bias on ${H_0,omega_{rm cdm}}$. More accurate measurements of the TT power spectra above $ellsim 2500$ and EE between $ell sim 300-500$ will play a crucial role in differentiating EDE models.
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