اشترك بالحزمة الذهبية واحصل على وصول غير محدود شمرا أكاديميا
تسجيل مستخدم جديدQuantum formalism to describe binocular rivalry
84
0
0.0
(
0
)
تأليف
Efstratios Manousakis
اسأل ChatGPT حول البحث
ﻻ يوجد ملخص باللغة العربية
On the basis of the general character and operation of the process of perception, a formalism is sought to mathematically describe the subjective or abstract/mental process of perception. It is shown that the formalism of orthodox quantum theory of measurement, where the observer plays a key role, is a broader mathematical foundation which can be adopted to describe the dynamics of the subjective experience. The mathematical formalism describes the psychophysical dynamics of the subjective or cognitive experience as communicated to us by the subject. Subsequently, the formalism is used to describe simple perception processes and, in particular, to describe the probability distribution of dominance duration obtained from the testimony of subjects experiencing binocular rivalry. Using this theory and parameters based on known values of neuronal oscillation frequencies and firing rates, the calculated probability distribution of dominance duration of rival states in binocular rivalry under various conditions is found to be in good agreement with available experimental data. This theory naturally explains an observed marked increase in dominance duration in binocular rivalry upon periodic interruption of stimulus and yields testable predictions for the distribution of perceptual alteration in time.
قيم البحث
اقرأ أيضاً
When our eyes are presented with the same image, the brain processes it to view it as a single coherent one. The lateral shift in the position of our eyes, causes the two images to possess certain differences, which our brain exploits for the purpose
of depth perception and to gauge the size of objects at different distances, a process commonly known as stereopsis. However, when presented with two different visual stimuli, the visual awareness alternates. This phenomenon of binocular rivalry is a result of competition between the corresponding neuronal populations of the two eyes. The article presents a comparative study of various dynamical models proposed to capture this process. It goes on to study the effect of a certain parameter on the rate of perceptual alternations and proceeds to disprove the initial propositions laid down to characterise this phenomenon. It concludes with a discussion on the possible future work that can be conducted to obtain a better picture of the neuronal functioning behind this rivalry.
Optic flow is two dimensional, but no special qualities are attached to one or other of these dimensions. For binocular disparity, on the other hand, the terms horizontal and vertical disparities are commonly used. This is odd, since binocular dispar
ity and optic flow describe essentially the same thing. The difference is that, generally, people tend to fixate relatively close to the direction of heading as they move, meaning that fixation is close to the optic flow epipole, whereas, for binocular vision, fixation is close to the head-centric midline, i.e. approximately 90 degrees from the binocular epipole. For fixating animals, some separations of flow may lead to simple algorithms for the judgement of surface structure and the control of action. We consider the following canonical flow patterns that sum to produce overall flow: (i) towards flow, the component of translational flow produced by approaching (or retreating from) the fixated object, which produces pure radial flow on the retina; (ii) sideways flow, the remaining component of translational flow, which is produced by translation of the optic centre orthogonal to the cyclopean line of sight and (iii) vergence flow, rotational flow produced by a counter-rotation of the eye in order to maintain fixation. A general flow pattern could also include (iv) cyclovergence flow, produced by rotation of one eye relative to the other about the line of sight. We consider some practical advantages of dividing up flow in this way when an observer fixates as they move. As in some previous treatments, we suggest that there are certain tasks for which it is sensible to consider towards flow as one component and sideways + vergence flow as another.
Neurons generate magnetic fields which can be recorded with macroscopic techniques such as magneto-encephalography. The theory that accounts for the genesis of neuronal magnetic fields involves dendritic cable structures in homogeneous resistive extr
acellular media. Here, we generalize this model by considering dendritic cables in extracellular media with arbitrarily complex electric properties. This method is based on a multi-scale mean-field theory where the neuron is considered in interaction with a mean extracellular medium (characterized by a specific impedance). We first show that, as expected, the generalized cable equation and the standard cable generate magnetic fields that mostly depend on the axial current in the cable, with a moderate contribution of extracellular currents. Less expected, we also show that the nature of the extracellular and intracellular media influence the axial current, and thus also influence neuronal magnetic fields. We illustrate these properties by numerical simulations and suggest experiments to test these findings.
It is of vital importance to understand and track the dynamics of rapidly unfolding epidemics. The health and economic consequences of the current COVID-19 pandemic provide a poignant case. Here we point out that since they are based on differential
equations, the most widely used models of epidemic spread are plagued by an approximation that is not justified in the case of the current COVID-19 pandemic. Taking the example of data from New York City, we show that currently used models significantly underestimate the initial basic reproduction number ($R_0$). The correct description, based on integral equations, can be implemented in most of the reported models and it much more accurately accounts for the dynamics of the epidemic after sharp changes in $R_0$ due to restrictive public congregation measures. It also provides a novel way to determine the incubation period, and most importantly, as we demonstrate for several countries, this method allows an accurate monitoring of $R_0$ and thus a fine-tuning of any restrictive measures. Integral equation based models do not only provide the conceptually correct description, they also have more predictive power than differential equation based models, therefore we do not see any reason for using the latter.
We demonstrate that behavioral probabilities of human decision makers share many common features with quantum probabilities. This does not imply that humans are some quantum objects, but just shows that the mathematics of quantum theory is applicable
to the description of human decision making. The applicability of quantum rules for describing decision making is connected with the nontrivial process of making decisions in the case of composite prospects under uncertainty. Such a process involves deliberations of a decision maker when making a choice. In addition to the evaluation of the utilities of considered prospects, real decision makers also appreciate their respective attractiveness. Therefore, human choice is not based solely on the utility of prospects, but includes the necessity of resolving the utility-attraction duality. In order to justify that human consciousness really functions similarly to the rules of quantum theory, we develop an approach defining human behavioral probabilities as the probabilities determined by quantum rules. We show that quantum behavioral probabilities of humans not merely explain qualitatively how human decisions are made, but they predict quantitative values of the behavioral probabilities. Analyzing a large set of empirical data, we find good quantitative agreement between theoretical predictions and observed experimental data.
سجل دخول لتتمكن من نشر تعليقات
التعليقات
جاري جلب التعليقات
سجل دخول لتتمكن من متابعة معايير البحث التي قمت باختيارها
