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تسجيل مستخدم جديدSpitzer-IRAC GLIMPSE of high mass protostellar objects. I Infrared point sources and nebulae
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The GLIMPSE archive was used to obtain 3.6--8.0micron, point source photometry and images for 381 massive protostellar candidates lying in the Galactic mid-plane. The colours, magnitudes and spectral indicies of sources in each of the 381 target fields were analysed and compared with the predictions of 2D radiative transfer model simulations. Although no discernable embedded clusters were found in any targets, multiple sources or associations of redenned young stellar objects were found in many sources indicating multiplicity at birth. The spectral index ($alpha$) of these point sources in 3.6--8.0mum bands display large values of $alpha$=2--5. A color-magnitude analog plot was used to identify 79 infrared counterparts to the HMPOs. Compact nebulae are found in 75% of the detected sources with morphologies that can be well described by core-halo, cometary, shell-like and bipolar geometries similar to those observed in ultra-compact HII regions. The IRAC band SEDs of the IR counterparts of HMPOs are best described to represent YSOs with a mass range of 8--20msun in their Class I stages when compared with 2D radiative transfer models. They also suggest that the high $alpha$ values represent reprocessed star/star+disk emission that is arising in the dense envelopes. Thus we are witnessing the luminous envelopes around the protostars rather than their photospheres or disks. We argue that the compact infrared nebulae likely reflect the underlying physical structure of the dense cores and are found to imitate the morphologies of known UCHII regions. Our results favour models of continuuing accretion involving both molecular and ionised accretion components to build the most massive stars rather than purely molecular rapid accretion flows.
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The Spitzer-GLIMPSE point source catalog and images have been used to study a sample of 381 massive protostellar candidates. IRAC-Point source photometry was used to analyse colours, magnitudes and spectral indicies of the infrared counterparts (IRCs
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eyond the GLIMPSE photometry to the possible limits, from the near-infrared to the millimetre wavelengths by using the 2MASS, GLIMPSE version 2.0 catalogs, MSX, IRAS and some single dish (and interferometric) (sub)mm data. An online SED fitting tool that uses 2D radiative transfer accretion models of YSOs is employed to fit the observed SED to obtain various physical parameters. The SED of IRCs were fitted by models of massive protostars with a range of masses between 5-42 Msun and ages between 10^3 and 10^6 years. The median mass and age are 10 Msun and 10^4 yrs. The envelopes are large with a mean size of ~ 0.2-0.3 pc and show a distribution that is very similar to the distribution of the sizes of 8 micron nebulae discussed in Paper I. The estimated envelope accretion rates are high with a mean value of 10^(-3) Msun/yr and show a power law dependence to mass with an exponent of 2, suggesting spherical accretion at those scales. Disks are found to exist in most of the sources with a mean mass of 10^(-1.4+-0.7) Msun. The observed infrared-millimetre SED of the infrared counterparts of HMPOs are successfully explained with an YSO accretion model. The modelled sources mostly represent proto-B stars although some of them could become O stars in future. We demonstrate that many of these results may represent a realistic picture of massive star formation, despite some of the results which may be an effect of the assumptions within the models.
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