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We extend mass scale sequence to a mass tree. From mass tree, the evolution of the universe is described by three stages: chaos, inflation and expansion. The first two stages have c mutations and the inflation appears as a step by step fission process of black holes. The dark matter particles with low mass (neutrino and delta particle) are described in a dual SM or two-fold SM with new symmetry and new interaction, and delta-particle is like inert neutrino but has baryon number (L-B conservation). We emphasize how to search for delta-particle, how to research critical energy, critical density, background particles, and spherical universe. Critical density relates to a type of pseudo-balance black holes (or celestial bodies). Suppose the minimum black hole radius equal to proton radius means we live in a spherical universe, which belong to a big universe, mainly characterized by proton.
From the observed results of the space distribution of quasars we deduced that neutrino mass is about 10^(-1) eV. The fourth stable elementary particle (delta particle) with mass about 10^(0) eV can help explain the energy resource mechanism in quasa
From the observed results, we deduced that the mass of the neutrino is about 10^(-1) eV and the mass of the fourth stable elementary particle (delta) is about 10^(0) eV. While neutrino is related to electro-weak field, the fourth stable elementary pa
Since there are dark matter particles (neutrino) with mass about 10^(-1)eV in the universe, the superstructures with a scale of 10^(19) solar mass [large number A is about 10^(19)] appeared around the era of the hydrogen recombination. The redshift z
In this work we definitely prove a possibility that Milgroms modified Newtonian dynamics, MOND, can be consistently interpreted as a theory with the modified kinetic terms of the usual Newtonain dynamics, simply called k-MOND. Precisely, we suggest o
A minimal extension of the Standard Model (SM) by a vector-like fermion doublet and three right handed (RH) singlet neutrinos is proposed in order to explain dark matter and tiny neutrino mass simultaneously. The DM arises as a mixture of the neutral