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Freezing in charged porous media can induce significant pressure and cause damage to tissues and functional materials. We formulate a thermodynamically consistent theory to model freezing phenomena inside charged heterogeneous porous space. Two regimes are distinguished: free ions in open pore space lead to negligible effects of freezing point depression and pressure. On the other hand, if nano-fluidic salt trapping happens, subsequent ice formation is suppressed due to the high concentration of ions in the electrolyte. In this case, our theory predicts that freezing starts at a significantly lower temperature compared to pure water. In 1D, as the temperature goes even lower, ice continuously grows, until the salt concentration reaches saturation, all ions precipitate to form salt crystals, and freezing completes. Enormous pressure can be generated if initial salt concentration is high before salt entrapment. We show modifications to the classical nucleation theory, due to the trapped salt ions. Interestingly, although the freezing process is enormously changed by trapped salts, our analysis shows that the Gibbs-Thompson equation on confined melting point shift is not affected by the presence of the electrolyte.
A remarkable variety of organisms and wet materials are able to endure temperatures far below the freezing point of bulk water. Cryo-tolerance in biology is usually attributed to anti-freeze proteins, and yet massive supercooling ($< -40^circ$C) is a
Colloidal particles hold promise for mobilizing and removing trapped immiscible fluids from porous media, with implications for key energy and water applications. Most studies focus on accomplishing this goal using particles that can localize at the
The motion of active polymers in a porous medium is shown to depend critically on flexibilty, activity and degree of polymerization. For given Peclet number, we observe a transition from localisation to diffusion as the stiffness of the chains is inc
Porous media with hierarchical structures are commonly encountered in both natural and synthetic materials, e.g., fractured rock formations, porous electrodes and fibrous materials, which generally consist of two or more distinguishable levels of por
We study the conformational properties of charged polymers in a solvent in the presence of structural obstacles correlated according to a power law $sim x^{-a}$. We work within the continuous representation of a model of linear chain considered as a