Stellar dynamo processes can be explored by measuring the magnetic field. This is usually obtained using the atomic and molecular Zeeman effect in spectral lines. While the atomic Zeeman effect can only access warmer regions, the use of molecular lin
es is of advantage for studying cool objects. The molecules MgH, TiO, CaH, and FeH are suited to probe stellar magnetic fields, each one for a different range of spectral types, by considering the signal that is obtained from modeling various spectral types. We have analyzed the usefulness of different molecules (MgH, TiO, CaH, and FeH) as diagnostic tools for studying stellar magnetism on active G-K-M dwarfs. We investigate the temperature range in which the selected molecules can serve as indicators for magnetic fields on highly active cool stars and present synthetic Stokes profiles for the modeled spectral type. We modeled a star with a spot size of 10% of the stellar disk and a spot comprising either only longitudinal or only transverse magnetic fields and estimated the strengths of the polarization Stokes V and Q signals for the molecules MgH, TiO, CaH, and FeH. We combined various photosphere and spot models according to realistic scenarios. In G dwarfs, the molecules MgH and FeH show overall the strongest Stokes V and Q signals from the starspot, whereas FeH has a stronger Stokes V signal in all G dwarfs, with a spot temperature of 3800K. In K dwarfs, CaH signals are generally stronger, and the TiO signature is most prominent in M dwarfs. Modeling synthetic polarization signals from starspots for a range of G-K-M dwarfs leads to differences in the prominence of various molecular signatures in different wavelength regions, which helps to efficiently select targets and exposure times for observations.
Changes in the solar surface area covered by small-scale magnetic elements are thought to cause long-term changes in the solar spectral irradiance, which are important for determining the impact on Earths climate. To study the effect of small-scale m
agnetic elements on total and spectral irradiance, we derive their contrasts from 3-D MHD simulations of the solar atmosphere. Such calculations are necessary since measurements of small-scale flux tube contrasts are confined to a few wavelengths and suffer from scattered light and instrument defocus, even for space observations. To test the contrast calculations, we compare rms contrasts from simulations with those obtained with the broad-band filter imager mounted on the Solar Optical Telescope (SOT) onboard the Hinode satellite and also analyse centre-to-limb variations (CLV). The 3-D MHD simulations include the interaction between convection and magnetic flux tubes. They have been run with non-grey radiative transfer using the MURaM code. Simulations have an average vertical magnetic field of 0G, 50G, and 200G. Emergent intensities are calculated with the spectral synthesis code ATLAS9 and are convolved with a theoretical point-spread function to account for the properties of the observations optical system. We find reasonable agreement for simulated and observed intensity distributions in the visible continuum bands. Agreement is poorer for the CN and G-Bands. The analysis of the simulations exhibits a potentially more realistic centre-to-limb behaviour than calculations based on 1-D model atmospheres. We conclude that starting from 3-D MHD simulations represents a powerful approach to obtaining intensity contrasts for a wide wavelength coverage and for different positions on the solar disk. This also paves the way for future calculations of facular and network contrast as a function of magnetic fluxes.
Long-term trends in the solar spectral irradiance are important to determine the impact on Earths climate. These long-term changes are thought to be caused mainly by changes in the surface area covered by small-scale magnetic elements. The direct mea
surement of the contrast to determine the impact of these small-scale magnetic elements is, however, limited to a few wavelengths, and is, even for space instruments, affected by scattered light and instrument defocus. In this work we calculate emergent intensities from 3-D simulations of solar magneto-convection and validate the outcome by comparing with observations from Hinode/SOT. In this manner we aim to construct the contrast at wavelengths ranging from the NUV to the FIR.
