One possible evolutionary scenario of the dense gluon system produced in an ultrarelativistic heavy ion collision is the bottom-up thermalization scenario, which describes the dynamics of the system shortly after the collision via the decay of origin
ally produced hard gluons to soft ones through QCD branching processes. The soft gluons form a thermal bath that subsequently reaches thermalization and/or equilibration. There is a scaling solution to the bottom-up problem that interpolates between its early stage, which has a highly anisotropic gluon distribution, and its final stage of equilibration which occurs later. Such a solution depends on a single parameter, the so called momentum asymmetry parameter $delta$. With this scaling solution, the bottom-up scenario gets modified and the evolving parton system, referred to as the $m$bottom-up parton system throughout this paper, is described by this modification. The time evolution of the system in the original bottom-up ansatz is driven by the saturation scale, $Q_{s}$. However, for the $m$bottom-up we generalize the ansatz of the evolution by introducing two additional momentum scales, which give a thermalization time and temperature of the soft gluon bath somewhat different from those obtained when the $m$bottom-up matches onto the final stage of the original bottom-up scenario.
We study the production of photons and dileptons during the pre-equilibrium Glasma stage in heavy ion collisions and discuss the implications in light of the PHENIX data. We find that the measured distributions of such electromagnetic emissions, whil
e having some features not well understood if hypothesized to entirely arise from a thermalized Quark-Gluon Plasma, have some qualitative features that might be described after including effects from a thermalizing Glasma. The shape and centrality dependence of the transverse momentum spectra of the so-called thermal photons are well described. The mass and transverse momentum dependence of intermediate mass dileptons also agree with our estimates. The low transverse momenta from which the excessive dileptons (in low to intermediate mass region) arise is suggestive of emissions from a Bose condensate. We also predict the centrality dependence of dilepton production. Uncertainties in the current approach and improvements in the future are discussed.
Heavy ion collisions at RHIC/LHC energies are well described by the (nearly ideal) hydrodynamics. Last year this success has been extended to higher angular harmonics, $v_n,n=3..9$ induced by initial-state perturbations, in analogy to cosmic microwav
e background fluctuations. Here we use hydrodynamics to study sound propagation emitted by quenched jets. We use the so called geometric acoustics to follow the sound propagation, on top of the expanding fireball. The conical waves, known as Mach cones, turn out to be strongly distorted. We show that large radial flow makes the observed particle spectra to be determined mostlly by the vicinity of their intersection with the fireballs space-like and time-like freezeout surfaces. We further show how the waves modify the freezeout surfaces and spectra. We end up comparing our calculations to the two-particle correlation functions at RHIC, while emphasizing that studies of dijet events observed at LHC should provide much better test of our theory.
We show that the mathematical proof of the four color theorem yields a perfect interpretation of the Standard Model of particle physics. The steps of the proof enable us to construct the t-Riemann surface and particle frame which forms the gauge. We
specify well-defined rules to match the Standard Model in a one-to-one correspondence with the topological and algebraic structure of the particle frame. This correspondence is exact - it only allows the particles and force fields to have the observable properties of the Standard Model, giving us a Grand Unified Theory. In this paper, we concentrate on explicitly specifying the quarks, gauge vector bosons, the Standard Model scalar Higgs $H^{0}$ boson and the weak force field. Using all the specifications of our mathematical model, we show how to calculate the values of the Weinberg and Cabibbo angles on the particle frame. Finally, we present our prediction of the Higgs $H^{0}$ boson mass $M_{H^{0}} = 125.992 simeq 126 GeV$, as a direct consequence of the proof of the four color theorem.
