We study properties of luminous X-ray pulsars using a simplified model of the accretion column. The maximal possible luminosity is calculated as a function of the neutron star (NS) magnetic field and spin period. It is shown that the luminosity can r
each values of the order of $10^{40},{rm erg/s}$ for the magnetar-like magnetic field ($Bgtrsim 10^{14},{rm G}$) and long spin periods ($Pgtrsim 1.5,{rm s}$). The relative narrowness of an area of feasible NS parameters which are able to provide higher luminosities leads to the conclusion that $Lsimeq 10^{40},,{rm erg/s}$ is a good estimate for the limiting accretion luminosity of a NS. Because this luminosity coincides with the cut-off observed in the high mass X-ray binaries luminosity function which otherwise does not show any features at lower luminosities, we can conclude that a substantial part of ultra-luminous X-ray sources are accreting neutron stars in binary systems.
The accretion flow around X-ray pulsars with a strong magnetic field is funnelled by the field to relatively small regions close to the magnetic poles of the neutron star (NS), the hotspots. During strong outbursts regularly observed from some X-ray
pulsars, the X-ray luminosity can be so high, that the emerging radiation is able to stop the accreting matter above the surface via radiation-dominated shock, and the accretion column begins to rise. This border luminosity is usually called the critical luminosity. Here we calculate the critical luminosity as a function of the NS magnetic field strength $B$ using exact Compton scattering cross section in strong magnetic field. Influence of the resonant scattering and photon polarization is taken into account for the first time. We show that the critical luminosity is not a monotonic function of the B-field. It reaches a minimum of a few 10^{36} erg s^{-1} when the cyclotron energy is about 10 keV and a considerable amount of photons from a hotspot have energy close to the cyclotron resonance. For small B, this luminosity is about 10^{37} erg s^{-1}, nearly independent of the parameters. It grows for the B-field in excess of 10^{12} G because of the drop in the effective cross-section of interaction below the cyclotron energy. We investigate how different types of the accretion flow and geometries of the accretion channel affect the results and demonstrate that the general behaviour of the critical luminosity on B-field is very robust. The obtained results are shown to be in a good agreement with the available observational data and provide a necessary ground for the interpretation of upcoming high quality data from the currently operating and planned X-ray telescopes.
Cyclotron resonance scattering features observed in the spectra of some X-ray pulsars show significant changes of the line energy with the pulsar luminosity. At high luminosities, these variations are often associated with the onset and growth of the
accretion column, which is believed to be the origin of the observed emission and of the cyclotron lines. However, this scenario inevitably implies large gradient of the magnetic field strength within the line-forming region, which makes the formation of the observed line-like features problematic. Moreover, the observed variation of the cyclotron line energy is much smaller than could be anticipated for the corresponding luminosity changes. We argue here that a more physically realistic situation is that the cyclotron line forms when the radiation emitted by the accretion column is reflected from the neutron star surface, where the gradient of the magnetic field strength is significantly smaller. We develop here the reflection model and apply it to explain the observed variations of the cyclotron line energy in a bright X-ray pulsar V 0332+53 over a wide range of luminosities.
We have investigated the influence of X-ray irradiation on the vertical structure of the outer accretion disk in low-mass X-ray binaries by performing a self-consistent calculation of the vertical structure and X-ray radiation transfer in the disk. P
enetrating deep into the disk, the field of scattered X-ray photons with energy $Egtrsim10$,keV exerts a significant influence on the vertical structure of the accretion disk at a distance $Rgtrsim10^{10}$,cm from the neutron star. At a distance $Rsim10^{11}$,cm, where the total surface density in the disk reaches $Sigma_0sim20$,g,cm$^{-2}$, X-ray heating affects all layers of an optically thick disk. The X-ray heating effect is enhanced significantly in the presence of an extended atmospheric layer with a temperature $T_{atm}sim(2div3)times10^6$,K above the accretion disk. We have derived simple analytic formulas for the disk heating by scattered X-ray photons using an approximate solution of the transfer equation by the Sobolev method. This approximation has a $gtrsim10$,% accuracy in the range of X-ray photon energies $E<20$,keV.
