Ratchet effect -- a {it dc} current induced by the electromagnetic wave impinging on the spatially modulated two-dimensional (2D) electron liquid -- occurs when the wave amplitude is spatially modulated with the same wave vector as the 2D liquid but
is shifted in phase. The analysis within the framework of the hydrodynamic model shows that the ratchet current is dramatically enhanced in the vicinity of the plasmonic resonances and has nontrivial polarization dependence. In particular, for circular polarization, the current component, perpendicular to the modulation direction, changes sign with the inversion of the radiation helicity. Remarkably, in the high-mobility structures, this component might be much larger than the the current component in the modulation direction. We also discuss the non-resonant regime realized in dirty systems, where the plasma resonances are suppressed, and demonstrate that the non-resonant ratchet current is controlled by the Maxwell relaxation in the 2D liquid.
We study quantum transport in HgTe/HgCdTe quantum wells under the condition that the chemical potential is located outside of the bandgap. We first analyze symmetry properties of the effective Bernevig-Hughes-Zhang Hamiltonian and the relevant symmet
ry-breaking perturbations. Based on this analysis, we overview possible patterns of symmetry breaking that govern the quantum interference (weak localization or weak antilocalization) correction to the conductivity in two dimensional HgTe/HgCdTe samples. Further, we perform a microscopic calculation of the quantum correction beyond the diffusion approximation. Finally, the interference correction and the low-field magnetoresistance in a quasi-one-dimensional geometry are analyzed.
