In this paper, we discuss duality about components of invariant variety of periodic points(IVPP) and fundamental domain of recurrence equation, and present an algorithm for the derivation of all components of IVPPs of any rational maps. It is based o
n the study of two examples of a 2 dimensional map and a 3 dimensional map. In particular, all components of IVPPs of the 2 dimensional example are completely determined by means of the cyclotomic polynomials.
We proposed, in our previous paper, to characterize the Hirota-Miwa equation by means of the theory of triangulated category. We extend our argument in this paper to support the idea. In particular we show in detail how the singularity confinement, a
phenomenon which was proposed to characterize integrable maps, can be associated with the projective resolution of the triangulated category.
We review the classical and quantum theory of the Pais-Uhlenbeck oscillator as the toy-model for quantizing f(R) gravity theories.
