Binary stars hosting exoplanets are a unique laboratory where chemical tagging can be performed to measure with high accuracy the elemental abundances of both stellar components, with the aim to investigate the formation of planets and their subseque
nt evolution. Here, we present a high-precision differential abundance analysis of the XO-2 wide stellar binary based on high resolution HARPS-N@TNG spectra. Both components are very similar K-dwarfs and host planets. Since they formed presumably within the same molecular cloud, we expect they should possess the same initial elemental abundances. We investigate if the presence of planets can cause some chemical imprints in the stellar atmospheric abundances. We measure abundances of 25 elements for both stars with a range of condensation temperature $T_{rm C}=40-1741$ K, achieving typical precisions of $sim 0.07$ dex. The North component shows abundances in all elements higher by $+0.067 pm 0.032$ dex on average, with a mean difference of +0.078 dex for elements with $T_{rm C} > 800$ K. The significance of the XO-2N abundance difference relative to XO-2S is at the $2sigma$ level for almost all elements. We discuss the possibility that this result could be interpreted as the signature of the ingestion of material by XO-2N or depletion in XO-2S due to locking of heavy elements by the planetary companions. We estimate a mass of several tens of $M_{oplus}$ in heavy elements. The difference in abundances between XO-2N and XO-2S shows a positive correlation with the condensation temperatures of the elements, with a slope of $(4.7 pm 0.9) times 10^{-5}$ dex K$^{-1}$, which could mean that both components have not formed terrestrial planets, but that first experienced the accretion of rocky core interior to the subsequent giant planets.
We present the performance of the Integral Field Spectrograph (IFS) of SPHERE, the high-contrast imager for the ESO VLT telescope designed to perform imaging and spectroscopy of extrasolar planets, obtained from tests performed at the Institute de Pl
anetologie et dAstrophysique de Grenoble facility during the integration phase of the instrument.} {The tests were performed using the instrument software purposely prepared for SPHERE. The output data were reduced applying the SPHERE data reduction and handling software, adding an improved spectral deconvolution procedure. To this aim, we prepared an alternative procedure for the spectral subtraction exploiting the principal components analysis algorithm. Moreover, a simulated angular differential imaging procedure was also implemented to estimate how the instrument performed once this procedure was applied at telescope. The capability of the IFS to faithfully retrieve the spectra of the detected faint companions was also considered.} {We found that the application of the updated version of the spectral deconvolution procedure alone, when the algorithm throughput is properly taken into account, gives us a $5sigma$ limiting contrast of the order of 5$times$$10^{-6}$ or slightly better. The further application of the angular differential imaging procedure on these data should allow us to improve the contrast by one order of magnitude down to around 7$times$$10^{-7}$ at a separation of 0.3 arcsec. The application of a principal components analysis procedure that simultaneously uses spectral and angular data gives comparable results. Finally, we found that the reproducibility of the spectra of the detected faint companions is greatly improved when angular differential imaging is applied in addition to the spectral deconvolution.
Aims. We present simulations of the perfomances of the future SPHERE IFS instrument designed for imaging extrasolar planets in the near infrared (Y, J, and H bands). Methods. We used the IDL package code for adaptive optics simulation (CAOS) to prepa
re a series of input point spread functions (PSF). These feed an IDL tool (CSP) that we designed to simulate the datacube resulting from the SPHERE IFS. We performed simulations under different conditions to evaluate the contrast that IFS will be able to reach and to verify the impact of physical propagation within the limits of the near field of the aperture approximation (i.e. Fresnel propagation). We then performed a series of simulations containing planet images to test the capability of our instrument to correctly classify the found objects. To this purpose we developed a separated IDL tool. Results. We found that using the SPHERE IFS instrument and appropriate analysis techniques, such as multiple spectral differential imaging (MDI), spectral deconvolution (SD), and angular differential imaging (ADI), we should be able to image companion objects down to a luminosity contrast of ? 10-7 with respect to the central star in favorable cases. Spectral deconvolution resulted in the most effective method for reducing the speckle noise. We were then able to find most of the simulated planets (more than 90% with the Y-J-mode and more than the 95% with the Y-H-mode) for contrasts down to 3 times 10-7 and separations between 0.3 and 1.0 arcsec. The spectral classification is accurate but seems to be more precise for late T-type spectra than for earlier spectral types. A possible degeneracy between early L-type companion objects and field objects (flat spectra) is highlighted. The spectral classification seems to work better using the Y-H-mode than with the Y-J-mode.
