Ground- and space-based observations of solar flares from radio wavelengths to gamma-rays have produced considerable insights but raised several unsolved controversies. The last unexplored wavelength frontier for solar flares is in the range of submi
llimeter and infrared wavelengths. Here we report the detection of an intense impulsive burst at 30 THz using a new imaging system. The 30 THz emission exhibited remarkable time coincidence with peaks observed at microwave, mm/submm, visible, EUV and hard X-ray wavelengths. The emission location coincides with a very weak white-light feature, and is consistent with heating below the temperature minimum in the atmosphere. However, there are problems in attributing the heating to accelerated electrons. The peak 30 THz flux is several times larger than the usual microwave peak near 9 GHz, attributed to non-thermal electrons in the corona. The 30 THz emission could be consistent with an optically thick spectrum increasing from low to high frequencies. It might be part of the same spectral component found at sub-THz frequencies whose nature remains mysterious. Further observations at these wavelengths will provide a new window for flare studies.
The changes in phase, time and frequency suffered by signals when retransmitted by a remote and inaccessible transponder and the propagation delays are major constraints to obtain accurate ranging measurements in various related applications. We pres
ent a new method and system to determine these delays for every single pulsed signal transmission. The process utilizes four ground-based reference stations, synchronized in time and installed at well known geodesic coordinates. The repeater station is located within the fields of view common to the four reference bases, such as in a platform transported by a satellite, balloon, aircraft, etc. Signal transmitted by one of the reference bases is retransmitted by the transponder, received back by the four bases, producing four ranging measurements which are processed to determine uniquely the time delays undergone in every retransmission process. The repeaters positions with respect to each group of three out of four reference bases are given by a system of equations. A minimization function is derived comparing repeaters positions referred to at least two groups of three reference bases. The minimum found by iterative methods provide the signal transit time at the repeater and propagation delays, providing the correct repeater position. The method is applicable to the transponder platform positioning and navigation, time synchronization of remote clocks, and location of targets. The algorithm has been fully demonstrated simulated for practical situation with the transponder carried by an aircraft moving over bases on the ground. The errors of the determinations have been evaluated for uncertainties in clock synchronization, in propagation time delays and other system parameters.
Solar mid-IR observations in the 8-15 micrometer band continuum with moderate angular resolution (18 arcseconds) reveal the presence of bright structures surrounding sunspots. These plage-like features present good association with calcium CaII K1v p
lages and active region magnetograms. We describe a new optical setup with reflecting mirrors to produce solar images on the focal plane array of uncooled bolometers of a commercial camera preceded by germanium optics. First observations of a sunspot on September 11, 2006 show a mid-IR continuum plage exhibiting spatial distribution closely associated with CaII K1v line plage and magnetogram structures. The mid-IR continuum bright plage is about 140 K hotter than the neighboring photospheric regions, consistent with hot plasma confined by the magnetic spatial structures in and above the active region
