On the basis of relativistic ab-initio calculations we show that the driving mechanism of simultaneous emergence of parabolic and M-shaped 2D electron gas (2DEG) bands at the surface of layered topological insulators as well as Rashba-splitting of th
e former states is an expansion of van der Waals (vdW) spacings caused by intercalation of metal atoms or residual gases. The expansion of vdW spacings and emergence of the 2DEG states localized in the (sub)surface region are also accompanied by a relocation of the topological surface state to the lower quintuple layers, that can explain the absence of interband scattering found experimentally.
