The Quark Dirac Sea and the Contracted Universe cooperate to produce the Big Bang

The Big Bang theory cannot and does not provide any explanation for the primordial hot and dense initial condition. In order to give an explanation for the cause of the Big Bang, this paper expands the original Dirac sea (which includes only electrons) to the quark Dirac sea (QDS) including quarks (u and d) for producing the Big Bang with quark energy. The QDS is composed of relatively infinite u-quarks and d-quarks as well as electrons with negative energy in the vacuum. A huge number of domains with sizes much smaller than $10^{-18}$m of the body-central cubic quark lattice with a lattice constant a = Planck length ($1.62times10^{-35}m$) are distributed randomly over the QDS. The QDS is a homogeneous, isotropic, equivalent continuous and empty (no net electric charge, no net color charge, no gravitational force field since the gravitational potential is the same at any physical point in the QDS) perfect vacuum model. The gravity of the universe pulls on the quarks inside the QDS. The pulling force becomes larger and larger as the universe shrinks and shrinks. Once the pulling force is larger than the binding force on the quarks by the whole QDS, a huge number of quarks and antiquarks will be excited out from the QDS. This is a necessary and sufficient condition for the Big Bang. The huge number of excited quark-antiquark pairs annihilate back to the QDS and release a huge amount of energy; these energies make the big bang.

The New Symmetries Beyond the Standard Model (The Body-centred Cubic Periodic Symmetries in Particle Physics)

This paper proposes new symmetries (the body-centred cubic periodic symmetries) beyond the standard model. Using a free particle expanded Schrodinger equation with the body-centred cubic periodic symmetry condition, the paper deduces a full baryon spectrum (including mass M, I, S, C, B, Q, J and P) of all 116 observed baryons. All quantum numbers of all deduced baryons are completely consistent with the corresponding experimental results. The deduced masses of all 116 baryons agree with (more than average 98 percent) the experimental baryon masses using only four constant parameters. The body-centred cubic periodic symmetries with a periodic constant ``a about $10^{-23}$m play a crucial rule. The results strongly suggest that the new symmetries really exist. This paper predicts some kind of ``Zeeman effect of baryons, for example: one experimental baryon N(1720)${3/2}^{+}$ with $ Gamma$ = 200 Mev is composed of two N baryons [(N(1659)${3/2}^{+}$ + N(1839)${3/2}^{+}$] = $bar{N(1749)}$${3/2}^{+}$ with $Gamma$ = 1839-1659 = 180 Mev.