We study the evolution of the Universe at early stages, we discuss also preheating in the framework of hybrid braneworld inflation by setting conditions on the coupling constants $lambda $ and $g$ for effective production of $chi$-particles. Consider
ing the phase between the time observable CMB scales crossed the horizon and the present time, we write reheating and preheating parameters $N_{re}$, $T_{re}$ and $N_{pre}$ in terms of the scalar spectral index $n_{s}$, and prove that, unlike the reheating case, the preheating duration does not depend on the values of the equation of state $omega ^{ast }$. We apply the slow-roll approximation in the high energy limit to constrain the parameters of D-term hybrid potential. We show also that some inflationary parameters, in particular, the spectral index $n_{s}$ demand that the potential parameter $alpha$ is bounded as $alpha geq 1$ to be consistent with $Planck$s data, while the ratio $r$ is in agreement with observation for $ alpha leq 1 $ considering high inflationary e-folds. We also propose an investigation of the brane tension effect on the reheating temperature. Comparing our results to recent CMB measurements, we study preheating and reheating parameters $N_{re}$, $T_{re}$ and $N_{pre}$ in the Hybrid D-term inflation model in the range $0.8leq alphaleq 1.1$, and conclude that $T_{re}$ and $N_{re}$ require $alpha leq 1$, while for $N_{pre}$ the condition $alpha leq 0.9$ must be satisfied, to be compatible with $Planck$s results.
In this paper, we investigate the four-dimensional Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet black hole. The thermodynamic variables and equations of state of black holes are obtained in terms of a new parameterization. We discuss a formulation of the van der Waals equa
tion by studying the effects of the temperature on P-V isotherms. We show the influence of the Cauchy horizon on the thermodynamic parameters. We prove by different methods, that the black hole entropy obey area law (plus logarithmic term that depends on the Gauss-Bonnet coupling {alpha}). We propose a physical meaning for the logarithmic correction to the area law. This work can be extended to the extremal EGB black hole, in that case, we study the relationship between compressibility factor, specific heat and the coupling {alpha}.
