When Charge Coupled Devices are used for scientific observations, their dark signal is a hindrance. In their pristine state, most CCD pixels are `cool; they exhibit low, quasi uniform dark current, which can be estimated and corrected for. In space,
after having been hit by an energetic particle, pixels can turn `hot. They start delivering excessive, less predictable, dark current. The hot pixels need therefore to be flagged so that subsequent analysis may ignore them. The image data of the PICARD SODISM solar telescope (Meftah et al. 2013) require dark signal correction and hot pixel identification. Its frame transfer E2V 42-80 CCD operates at -7{deg}C. Both image and memory zones thus accumulate dark current during, respectively, integration and readout time. These two components must be separated to estimate the dark signal for any observation. This is the purpose of the Dark Signal Model presented in this paper. The dark signal time series of every pixel is processed by the Unbalanced Haar Technique (Fryzlewicz 2007) in order to timestamp when its dark signal is expected to change. In-between those instants, both components are assumed constant and a robust linear regression vs. integration time provides first estimates and a quality coefficient. The latter serves to assign definitive estimates. Our model is part of the SODISM Level 1 data production scheme. To check its reliability, we verify on dark frames that it leaves a negligible residual bias (5 e-), and generates a small RMS error (25 e- rms). The cool pixel level is found to be 4 e-/pxl/s, in agreement with the predicted value. The emergence rate of hot pixels is investigated too. It legitimates a threshold criterion at 50 e-/pxl/s. The growth rate is found to be 4% of the frame area per year. Aspects of the method (adaptation of the Unbalanced Haar Technique, dedicated robust linear regression) have a generic interest.
The Solar Diameter Imager and Surface Mapper (SODISM) on board the PICARD space mission provides wide-field images of the photosphere and chromosphere of the Sun in five narrow pass bands (centered at 215.0, 393.37, 535.7, 607.1, and 782.2 nm). PICAR
D is a space mission, which was successfully launched on 15 June 2010 into a Sun synchronous dawn-dusk orbit. It represents a European asset aiming at collecting solar observations that can serve to estimate some of the inputs to Earth climate models. The scientific payload consists of the SODISM imager and of two radiometers, SOVAP (SOlar VAriability PICARD) and PREMOS (PREcision MOnitor Sensor), which carry out measurements that allow estimating the Total Solar Irradiance (TSI) and the Solar Spectral Irradiance (SSI) from the middle ultraviolet to the red. The SODISM telescope monitors solar activity continuously. It thus produces images that can also feed SSI reconstruction models. Further, the objectives of SODISM encompass the probing of the interior of the Sun via helioseismic analysis of observations in intensity (on the solar disc and at the limb), and via astrometric investigations at the limb. The latter addresses especially the spectral dependence of the radial limb shape, and the temporal evolution of the solar diameter and asphericity. After a brief review of its original science objectives, this paper presents the detailed design of the SODISM instrument, its expected performance, and the scheme of its flight operations. Some observations with SODISM are presented and discussed.
The Large Yield Radiometer (LYRA) is an XUV-EUV-MUV (soft X-ray to mid-ultraviolet) solar radiometer onboard the European Space Agency PROBA2 mission that was launched in November 2009. LYRA acquires solar irradiance measurements at a high cadence (n
ominally 20 Hz) in four broad spectral channels, from soft X-ray to MUV, that have been chosen for their relevance to solar physics, space weather and aeronomy. In this article, we briefly review the design of the instrument, give an overview of the data products distributed through the instrument website, and describe the way that data are calibrated. We also briefly present a summary of the main fields of research currently under investigation by the LYRA consortium.
