The Kepler characterization of the variability among A- and F-type stars. I. General overview

The Kepler spacecraft is providing time series of photometric data with micromagnitude precision for hundreds of A-F type stars. We present a first general characterization of the pulsational behaviour of A-F type stars as observed in the Kepler light curves of a sample of 750 candidate A-F type stars. We propose three main groups to describe the observed variety in pulsating A-F type stars: gamma Dor, delta Sct, and hybrid stars. We assign 63% of our sample to one of the three groups, and identify the remaining part as rotationally modulated/active stars, binaries, stars of different spectral type, or stars that show no clear periodic variability. 23% of the stars (171 stars) are hybrid stars, which is a much larger fraction than what has been observed before. We characterize for the first time a large number of A-F type stars (475 stars) in terms of number of detected frequencies, frequency range, and typical pulsation amplitudes. The majority of hybrid stars show frequencies with all kinds of periodicities within the gamma Dor and delta Sct range, also between 5 and 10 c/d, which is a challenge for the current models. We find indications for the existence of delta Sct and gamma Dor stars beyond the edges of the current observational instability strips. The hybrid stars occupy the entire region within the delta Sct and gamma Dor instability strips, and beyond. Non-variable stars seem to exist within the instability strips. The location of gamma Dor and delta Sct classes in the (Teff,logg)-diagram has been extended. We investigate two newly constructed variables efficiency and energy as a means to explore the relation between gamma Dor and delta Sct stars. Our results suggest a revision of the current observational instability strips, and imply an investigation of other pulsation mechanisms to supplement the kappa mechanism and convective blocking effect to drive hybrid pulsations.

Hybrid gamma Doradus - delta Scuti pulsators: New insights into the physics of the oscillations from Kepler observations

Observations of the pulsations of stars can be used to infer their interior structure and test theoretical models. The main sequence $gamma$ Doradus (Dor) and $delta$ Scuti (Sct) stars with masses 1.2-2.5 $M_{sun}$ are particularly useful for these studies. The $gamma$ Dor stars pulsate in high-order $g$ modes with periods of order 1 day, driven by convective blocking at the base of their envelope convection zone. The $delta$ Sct stars pulsate in low-order $g$ and $p$ modes with periods of order 2 hours, driven by the $kappa$ mechanism operating in the Heii ionization zone. Theory predicts an overlap region in the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram between instability regions, where hybrid stars pulsating in both types of modes should exist. The two types of modes with properties governed by different portions of the stellar interior provide complementary model constraints. Among the known $gamma$ Dor and $delta$ Sct stars, only four have been confirmed as hybrids. Now, analysis of combined Quarter 0 and Quarter 1 Kepler data for hundreds of variable stars shows that the frequency spectra are so rich that there are practically no pure $delta$ Sct or $gamma$ Dor pulsators, i.e. essentially all of the stars show frequencies in both the $delta$ Sct and $gamma$ Dor frequency range. A new observational classification scheme is proposed that takes into account the amplitude as well as the frequency, and is applied to categorize 234 stars as $delta$ Sct, $gamma$ Dor, $delta$ Sct/$gamma$ Dor or $gamma$ Dor/$delta$ Sct hybrids.