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Register a new userJointly Optimizing Query Encoder and Product Quantization to Improve Retrieval Performance
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Added by
Jingtao Zhan
Publication date
2021
fields
Informatics Engineering
and research's language is
English
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Recently, Information Retrieval community has witnessed fast-paced advances in Dense Retrieval (DR), which performs first-stage retrieval with embedding-based search. Despite the impressive ranking performance, previous studies usually adopt brute-force search to acquire candidates, which is prohibitive in practical Web search scenarios due to its tremendous memory usage and time cost. To overcome these problems, vector compression methods have been adopted in many practical embedding-based retrieval applications. One of the most popular methods is Product Quantization (PQ). However, although existing vector compression methods including PQ can help improve the efficiency of DR, they incur severely decayed retrieval performance due to the separation between encoding and compression. To tackle this problem, we present JPQ, which stands for Joint optimization of query encoding and Product Quantization. It trains the query encoder and PQ index jointly in an end-to-end manner based on three optimization strategies, namely ranking-oriented loss, PQ centroid optimization, and end-to-end negative sampling. We evaluate JPQ on two publicly available retrieval benchmarks. Experimental results show that JPQ significantly outperforms popular vector compression methods. Compared with previous DR models that use brute-force search, JPQ almost matches the best retrieval performance with 30x compression on index size. The compressed index further brings 10x speedup on CPU and 2x speedup on GPU in query latency.
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Recent advances in dense retrieval techniques have offered the promise of being able not just to re-rank documents using contextualised language models such as BERT, but also to use such models to identify documents from the collection in the first place. However, when using dense retrieval approaches that use multiple embedded representations for each query, a large number of documents can be retrieved for each query, hindering the efficiency of the method. Hence, this work is the first to consider efficiency improvements in the context of a dense retrieval approach (namely ColBERT), by pruning query term embeddings that are estimated not to be useful for retrieving relevant documents. Our proposed query embeddings pruning reduces the cost of the dense retrieval operation, as well as reducing the number of documents that are retrieved and hence require to be fully scored. Experiments conducted on the MSMARCO passage ranking corpus demonstrate that, when reducing the number of query embeddings used from 32 to 3 based on the collection frequency of the corresponding tokens, query embedding pruning results in no statistically significant differences in effectiveness, while reducing the number of documents retrieved by 70%. In terms of mean response time for the end-to-end to end system, this results in a 2.65x speedup.
This work presents a general query term weighting approach based on query performance prediction (QPP). To this end, a given term is weighed according to its predicted effect on query performance. Such an effect is assumed to be manifested in the responses made by the underlying retrieval method for the original query and its (simple) variants in the form of a single-term expanded query. Focusing on search re-ranking as the underlying application, the effectiveness of the proposed term weighting approach is demonstrated using several state-of-the-art QPP methods evaluated over TREC corpora.
Product Quantization (PQ) has long been a mainstream for generating an exponentially large codebook at very low memory/time cost. Despite its success, PQ is still tricky for the decomposition of high-dimensional vector space, and the retraining of model is usually unavoidable when the code length changes. In this work, we propose a deep progressive quantization (DPQ) model, as an alternative to PQ, for large scale image retrieval. DPQ learns the quantization codes sequentially and approximates the original feature space progressively. Therefore, we can train the quantization codes with different code lengths simultaneously. Specifically, we first utilize the label information for guiding the learning of visual features, and then apply several quantization blocks to progressively approach the visual features. Each quantization block is designed to be a layer of a convolutional neural network, and the whole framework can be trained in an end-to-end manner. Experimental results on the benchmark datasets show that our model significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art for image retrieval. Our model is trained once for different code lengths and therefore requires less computation time. Additional ablation study demonstrates the effect of each component of our proposed model. Our code is released at https://github.com/cfm-uestc/DPQ.
In this paper, we study jointly query reformulation and document relevance estimation, the two essential aspects of information retrieval (IR). Their interactions are modelled as a two-player strategic game: one player, a query formulator, taking actions to produce the optimal query, is expected to maximize its own utility with respect to the relevance estimation of documents produced by the other player, a retrieval modeler; simultaneously, the retrieval modeler, taking actions to produce the document relevance scores, needs to optimize its likelihood from the training data with respect to the refined query produced by the query formulator. Their equilibrium or equilibria will be reached when both are the best responses to each other. We derive our equilibrium theory of IR using normal-form representations: when a standard relevance feedback algorithm is coupled with a retrieval model, they would share the same objective function and thus form a partnership game; by contrast, pseudo relevance feedback pursues a rather different objective than that of retrieval models, therefore the interaction between them would lead to a general-sum game (though implicitly collaborative). Our game-theoretical analyses not only yield useful insights into the two major aspects of IR, but also offer new practical algorithms for achieving the equilibrium state of retrieval which have been shown to bring consistent performance improvements in both text retrieval and item recommendation.
Feature fusion is a commonly used strategy in image retrieval tasks, which aggregates the matching responses of multiple visual features. Feasible sets of features can be either descriptors (SIFT, HSV) for an entire image or the same descriptor for different local parts (face, body). Ideally, the to-be-fused heterogeneous features are pre-assumed to be discriminative and complementary to each other. However, the effectiveness of different features varies dramatically according to different queries. That is to say, for some queries, a feature may be neither discriminative nor complementary to existing ones, while for other queries, the feature suffices. As a result, it is important to estimate the effectiveness of features in a query-adaptive manner. To this end, this article proposes a new late fusion scheme at the score level. We base our method on the observation that the sorted score curves contain patterns that describe their effectiveness. For example, an L-shaped curve indicates that the feature is discriminative while a gradually descending curve suggests a bad feature. As such, this paper introduces a query-adaptive late fusion pipeline. In the hand-crafted version, it can be an unsupervised approach to tasks like particular object retrieval. In the learning version, it can also be applied to supervised tasks like person recognition and pedestrian retrieval, based on a trainable neural module. Extensive experiments are conducted on two object retrieval datasets and one person recognition dataset. We show that our method is able to highlight the good features and suppress the bad ones, is resilient to distractor features, and achieves very competitive retrieval accuracy compared with the state of the art. In an additional person re-identification dataset, the application scope and limitation of the proposed method are studied.
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