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Register a new userMulti-band optical variability studies of BL Lacertae
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We monitored BL Lacertae for 13 nights in optical B, V, R, and I bands during October and November 2014 including quasi-simultaneous observations in V and R bands using two optical telescopes in India. We have studied multi-band optical flux variations, colour variation and spectral changes in this blazar. Source was found to be active during the whole monitoring period and showed significant intraday variability on 3 nights in V and R filters while displayed hints of variability on 6 other dates in R passband and on 2 nights in V filter. From the colour-magnitude analysis of the source we found that the spectra of the target gets flatter as it becomes brighter on intra-night timescale. Using discrete correlation technique, we found that intraday light curves in both V and R filters are almost consistent and well correlated with each other. We also generated spectral energy distribution (SED) of the target using the B, V, R, and I data sets for all 13 nights which could help us investigate the physical process responsible for the observed variations in BL Lacertae objects. We also discuss possible physical causes of the observed spectral variability.
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We monitored BL Lacertae simultaneously in the optical B, V, R and I bands for 13 nights during the period 2012-2016. The variations were well correlated in all bands and the source showed significant intraday variability (IDV). We also studied its optical flux and colour behaviour, and searched for inter-band time lags. A strong bluer-when-brighter chromatism was found on the intra-night time-scale. The spectral changes are not sensitive to the host galaxy contribution. Cross-correlation analysis revealed possible time delay of about 10 min between variations in the V and R bands. We interpreted the observed flares in terms of the model consisting of individual synchrotron pulses.
We monitored BL Lacertae frequently during 2014 - 2016 when it was generally in a high state. We searched for intra-day variability for 43 nights using quasi-simultaneous measurements in the B, V, R, and I bands (totaling 143 light curves); the typical sampling interval was about eight minutes. On hour-like timescales, BL Lac exhibited significant variations during 13 nights in various optical bands. Significant spectral variations are seen during most of these nights such that the optical spectrum becomes bluer when brighter. The amplitude of variability is usually greater for longer observations but is lower when BL Lac is brighter. No evidence for periodicities or characteristic variability time-scales in the light curves was found. The color variations are mildly chromatic on long timescales.
In an effort to locate the sites of emission at different frequencies and physical processes causing variability in blazar jets, we have obtained high time-resolution observations of BL Lacertae over a wide wavelength range: with the emph{Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite} (TESS) at 6,000-10,000 AA with 2-minute cadence; with the Neil Gehrels emph{Swift} satellite at optical, UV, and X-ray bands; with the Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array at hard X-ray bands; with the emph{Fermi} Large Area Telescope at $gamma$-ray energies; and with the Whole Earth Blazar Telescope for measurement of the optical flux density and polarization. All light curves are correlated, with similar structure on timescales from hours to days. The shortest timescale of variability at optical frequencies observed with TESS is $sim 0.5$ hr. The most common timescale is $13pm1$~hr, comparable with the minimum timescale of X-ray variability, 14.5 hr. The multi-wavelength variability properties cannot be explained by a change solely in the Doppler factor of the emitting plasma. The polarization behavior implies that there are both ordered and turbulent components to the magnetic field in the jet. Correlation analysis indicates that the X-ray variations lag behind the $gamma$-ray and optical light curves by up to $sim 0.4$ days. The timescales of variability, cross-frequency lags, and polarization properties can be explained by turbulent plasma that is energized by a shock in the jet and subsequently loses energy to synchrotron and inverse Compton radiation in a magnetic field of strength $sim3$ G
We monitored BL Lacertae in the B, V, R and I bands for 14 nights during the period of 2016-2018. The source showed significant intraday variability on 12 nights. We performed colour-magnitude analysis and found that the source exhibited bluer-when-brighter chromatism. This bluer-when-brighter behavior is at least partly caused by the larger variation amplitude at shorter wavelength. The variations at different wavelengths are well correlated and show no inter-band time lag.
We perform quasi-simultaneous optical multi-band monitoring of BL Lac object S5 0716+714 on seven nights from 2013 to 2016. Intra-day variability (IDV) is found on all seven nights. The source was faintest on JD 2456322 with 14.15 mags and brightest on JD 2457437 with 12.51 mags in the $R$ band. The maximum intra-day variation we observed is 0.15 mags in the $B$ band on JD 2456322. Both bluer-when-brighter and achromatic spectral behaviours were observed on the intra-day timescale. On the longer-term scale, the object exhibited a mild bluer-when-brighter behaviour between the $B$ and $R$ bands. We estimate the inter-band lags using two independent methods. The variation in the $B$ band was observed to lag that in the $I$ band by about 15 minutes on JD 2457315. We compare this lag with one reported previously and discussed the origin of these lags.
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