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Fourier analysis of ghost imaging (FAGI) is proposed in this paper to analyze the properties of ghost imaging with thermal light sources. This new theory is compatible with the general correlation theory of intensity fluctuation and could explain some amazed phenomena. Furthermore we design a series of experiments to verify the new theory and investigate the inherent properties of ghost imaging.
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We present a lensless, Fourier-transform ghost imaging scheme by exploring the fourth-order correlation function of spatially incoherent thermal neutron waves. This technique is established on the Fermi-Dirac statistics and the anti-bunching effect of fermionic fields, and the analysis must be fully quantum mechanical. The spinor representation of neutron waves and the derivation purely from the Schrodinger equation makes our work the first, rigorous, robust and truly fermionic ghost imaging scheme. The investigation demonstrates that the coincidence of the intensity fluctuations between the reference arm and the sample arm is directly related to the lateral Fourier-transform of the longitudinal projection of the samples atomic and magnetic spatial distribution. By avoiding lens systems in neutron optics, our method can potentially achieve de Broglie wavelength level resolution, incomparable by current neutron imaging techniques. Its novel capability to image crystallined and noncrystallined samples, especially the micro magnetic structures, will bring important applications to various scientific frontiers.
Knowledge gained through X-ray crystallography fostered structural determination of materials and greatly facilitated the development of modern science and technology in the past century. Atomic details of sample structures is achievable by X-ray crystallography, however, it is only applied to crystalline structures. Imaging techniques based on X-ray coherent diffraction or zone plates are capable of resolving the internal structure of non-crystalline materials at nanoscales, but it is still a challenge to achieve atomic resolution. Here we demonstrate a novel lensless Fourier-transform ghost imaging method with pseudo-thermal hard X-rays by measuring the second-order intensity correlation function of the light. We show that high resolution Fourier-transform diffraction pattern of a complex amplitude sample can be achieved at Fresnel region and the amplitude and phase distributions of a sample in spatial domain can be retrieved successfully. The method of lensless X-ray Fourier-transform ghost imaging extends X-ray crystallography to non-crystalline samples, and its spatial resolution is limited only by the wavelength of the X-ray, thus atomic resolution should be routinely obtainable. Since highly coherent X-ray source is not required, comparing to conventional X-ray coherent diffraction imaging, the method can be implemented with laboratory X-ray sources, and it also provides a potential solution for lensless diffraction imaging with fermions, such as neutron and electron where the intensive coherent source usually is not available.
We present a complete and exhaustive theory of signal-to-noise-ratio in bipartite ghost imaging with classical (thermal) and quantum (twin beams) light. The theory is compared with experiment for both twin beams and thermal light in a certain regime of interest.
We investigate the effect of turbulence on quantum ghost imaging. We use entangled photons and demonstrate that for a novel experimental configuration the effect of turbulence can be greatly diminished. By decoupling the entangled photon source from the ghost imaging central image plane, we are able to dramatically increase the ghost image quality. When imaging a test pattern through turbulence, this method increased the imaged pattern visibility from V = 0.14 +/- 0.04 to V = 0.29 +/- 0.04.
Compared with two-dimensional imaging, three-dimensional imaging is much more advantageous to catch the characteristic information of the target for remote sensing. We report a range-resolving ghost imaging ladar system together with the experimental demonstration of three-dimensional remote sensing with a large field of view. The experiments show that, by measuring the correlation function of intensity fluctuations between two light fields, a three-dimensional map at about 1.0 km range with 25 cm resolution in lateral direction and 60 cm resolution in axial direction has been achieved by time-resolved measurements of the reflection signals.
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