No Arabic abstract
We present a reduction procedure for gauge theories based on quotienting out the kernel of the presymplectic form in configuration-velocity space. Local expressions for a basis of this kernel are obtained using phase space procedures; the obstructions to the formulation of the dynamics in the reduced phase space are identified and circumvented. We show that this reduction procedure is equivalent to the standard Dirac method as long as the Dirac conjecture holds: that the Dirac Hamiltonian, containing the primary first class constraints, with their Lagrange multipliers, can be enlarged to an extended Dirac Hamiltonian which includes all first class constraints without any change of the dynamics. The quotienting procedure is always equivalent to the extended Dirac theory, even when it differs from the standard Dirac theory. The differences occur when there are ineffective constraints, and in these situations we conclude that the standard Dirac method is preferable --- at least for classical theories. An example is given to illustrate these features, as well as the possibility of having phase space formulations with an odd number of physical degrees of freedom.
A general-covariant statistical framework capable of describing classical fluctuations of the gravitational field is a thorny open problem in theoretical physics, yet ultimately necessary to understand the nature of the gravitational interaction and a key to quantum gravity. Inspired by Souriaus symplectic generalization of the Maxwell-Boltzmann-Gibbs equilibrium in Lie group thermodynamics, we investigate a spacetime-covariant formulation of statistical mechanics for parametrized first-order field theories, as a simplified model sharing essential general covariant features with canonical general relativity. Starting from a covariant multi-symplectic phase space formulation, we define a general-covariant notion of Gibbs state in terms of the covariant momentum map associated with the lifted action of the diffeomorphisms group on the extended phase space. We show how such a covariant notion of equilibrium encodes the whole information about symmetry, gauge and dynamics carried by the theory, associated to a canonical spacetime foliation, where the covariant choice of a reference frame reflects in a Lie algebra-valued notion of local temperature. We investigate how physical equilibrium, hence time evolution, emerges from such a state and the role of the gauge symmetry in the thermodynamic description.
The vacuum state -- or any other state of finite energy -- is not an eigenstate of any smeared (averaged) local quantum field. The outcomes (spectral values) of repeated measurements of that averaged local quantum field are therefore distributed according to a non-trivial probability distribution. In this paper, we study probability distributions for the smeared stress tensor in two dimensional conformal quantum field theory. We first provide a new general method for this task based on the famous conformal welding problem in complex analysis. Secondly, we extend the known moment generating function method of Fewster, Ford and Roman. Our analysis provides new explicit probability distributions for the smeared stress tensor in the vacuum for various infinite classes of smearing functions. All of these turn out to be given in the end by a shifted Gamma distribution, pointing, perhaps, at a distinguished role of this distribution in the problem at hand.
An approach that has been given promising results concerning investigations on the physics of graphene is the so-called reduced quantum electrodynamics. In this work we consider the natural generalization of this formalism to curved spaces. We employ the local momentum space representation. We discuss the validity of the Ward identity and study one-loop diagrams in detail. We show that the one-loop beta function is zero. As an application, we calculate the one-loop optical conductivity of graphene by taking into account curvature effects which can be incorporated locally. In addition, we demonstrate how such effects may contribute to the conductivity. Furthermore, and quite unexpectedly, our calculations unveil the emergence of a curvature-induced effective chemical potential contribution in the optical conductivity.
We classify the weakly interacting fixed points of general gauge theories coupled to matter and explain how the competition between gauge and matter fluctuations gives rise to a rich spectrum of high- and low-energy fixed points. The pivotal role played by Yukawa couplings is emphasized. Necessary and sufficient conditions for asymptotic safety of gauge theories are also derived, in conjunction with strict no go theorems. Implications for phase diagrams of gauge theories and physics beyond the Standard Model are indicated.
We consider classical gauge theory with spontaneous symmetry breaking on a principal bundle $Pto X$ whose structure group $G$ is reducible to a closed subgroup $H$, and sections of the quotient bundle $P/Hto X$ are treated as classical Higgs fields. Its most comprehensive example is metric-affine gauge theory on the category of natural bundles where gauge fields are general linear connections on a manifold $X$, classical Higgs fields are arbitrary pseudo-Riemannian metrics on $X$, and matter fields are spinor fields. In particular, this is the case of gauge gravitation theory.