No Arabic abstract
We present a sample of twenty-one ROSAT bright active galactic nuclei (AGN), representing a range of spectral classes, and selected for follow-up snap-shot observations with XMM-Newton. The typical exposure was between 5-10 ks. The objects were primarily selected on the bases of X-ray brightness and not on hardness ratio; thus the sample cannot be strictly defined as a `soft sample. One of the main outcomes from the XMM-Newton observations was that all of the AGN, including eleven type 1.8-2 objects, required low levels of intrinsic absorption (nh < 10^21 cm^-2). The low absorption in type 2 systems is a challenge to account for in the standard orientation-based unification model, and we discuss possible physical and geometrical models which could elucidate the problem. Moreover, there does not appear to be any relation between the strength and shape of the soft excess, and the spectral classification of the AGN in this sample. We further identify a number of AGN which deserve deeper observations or further analysis: for example, the LINERs NGC 5005 and NGC 7331, where optically thin thermal and extended emission is detected, and the narrow-line Seyfert 1 II Zw 177, which shows a broad emission feature at 5.8keV.
We present the properties of active galactic nuclei (AGN) selected by optical variability in the Subaru/XMM-Newton Deep Field (SXDF). Based on the locations of variable components and light curves, 211 optically variable AGN were reliably selected. We made three AGN samples; X-ray detected optically non-variable AGN (XA), X-ray detected optically variable AGN (XVA), and X-ray undetected optically variable AGN (VA). In the VA sample, we found a bimodal distribution of the ratio between the variable component flux and the host flux. One of these two components in the distribution, a class of AGN with a faint variable component $i_{rm{vari}}sim25$ mag in bright host galaxies $isim21$ mag, is not seen in the XVA sample. These AGN are expected to have low Eddington ratios if we naively consider a correlation between bulge luminosity and black hole mass. These galaxies have photometric redshifts $z_{rm{photo}}sim0.5$ and we infer that they are low-luminosity AGN with radiatively inefficient accretion flows (RIAFs). The properties of the XVA and VA objects and the differences from those of the XA objects can be explained within the unified scheme for AGN. Optical variability selection for AGN is an independent method and could provide a complementary AGN sample which even deep X-ray surveys have not found.
We have analyzed the first XMM-Newton, Swift and archival ROSAT PSPC observations of the quasar LBQS 0102-2713.The object was selected from the ROSAT archive as being notable due to the steep soft X-ray photon index and due to the UV brightness based on HST and optical spectroscopic observations. The first XMM-Newton observations carried out in December 2009 and the first Swift observations from 2010 have confirmed the steepness of the soft X-ray photon index, which ranges between 3.35 and 4.41 for the different XMM-Newton and ROSAT detectors, the UV brightness of the source and the absence of significant absorption by neutral hydrogen. The new data allow a combined spectral fitting to the Swift UVOT and the XMM-Newton/ROSAT data which results in a huge luminosity of (6.2+-0.2)x10^47 erg s^(-1) and alpha_ox values ranging between (-1.87+-0.11) and (-2.11+-0.12). The nature of the soft X-ray emission can be explained as local Comptonized emission of the UV disc photons in the pseudo-Newtonian potential. The black hole mass is estimated from the Mg II line and translates into an Eddington ratio of L/L_edd = 18(+33)(-12). For the dimensionless electron temperature of the plasma cloud theta = kT_e/ (m_e c^2) we derive an upper limit of about 10 keV.
The majority of the activity around nearby (z ~ 0) supermassive black holes is found in low-luminosity active galactic nuclei (LLAGN), the most of them being classified as low ionization nuclear emission regions. Although these sources are well studied from radio up to X-rays, they are poorly understood in gamma-rays. In this work we take advantage of the all sky-surveying capabilities of the Large Area Telescope on board Fermi Gamma ray Space Telescope to study the whole Palomar sample of LLAGN in gamma-rays. Precisely, the four radio-brightest LLAGN in the sample are identified as significant gamma-ray emitters, all of which are recognized as powerful Fanaroff-Riley I galaxies. These results suggest that the presence of powerful radio jets is of substantial importance for observing a significant gamma-ray counterpart even if these jets are misaligned with respect to the line of sight. We also find that most of the X-ray-brightest LLAGN do not have a significant gamma-ray and strong radio emission, suggesting that the X-rays come mainly from the accretion flow in these cases. A detailed analysis of the spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of NGC 315 and NGC 4261, both detected in gamma-rays, is provided where we make a detailed comparison between the predicted hadronic gamma-ray emission from a radiatively inefficient accretion flow (RIAF) and the gamma-ray emission from a leptonic jet-dominated synchrotron self-Compton (SSC) model. Both SEDs are better described by the SSC model while the RIAF fails to explain the gamma-ray observations.
We use a combination of the XMM-Newton serendipitous X-ray survey with the optical SDSS, and the infrared WISE all-sky survey in order to check the efficiency of the low X-ray to infrared luminosity selection method in finding heavily obscured AGN. We select sources in the 2-8 keV X-ray band which have a redshift determination in the SDSS catalogue. We match this sample with the WISE catalogue, and fit the SEDs of the 2844 sources which have three, or more, photometric data-points in the infrared. We then select the heavily obscured AGN candidates by comparing their 12 micron AGN luminosity to the observed 2-10 keV X-ray luminosity and their expected intrinsic relation. With this approach we find 20 candidates, and we examine their X-ray and optical spectra. Of the 20 initial candidates, we find nine (64%; out of the 14, for which X-ray spectra could be fit) based on the X-ray spectra, and seven (78%; out of the nine detected spectroscopically in the SDSS) based on the [OIII] line fluxes. Combining all criteria, we determine the final number of heavily obscured AGN to be 12-19, and the number of Compton-thick AGN to be 2-5, showing that the method is reliable in finding obscured AGN, but not Compton-thick. However those numbers are smaller than what would be expected from X-ray background population synthesis models, which demonstrates how the optical-infrared selection and the scatter of the L_x-L_MIR relation introduced by observational constraints limit the efficiency of the method. Finally, we test popular obscured AGN selection methods based on mid-infrared colours, and find that the probability of an AGN to be selected by its mid-infrared colours increases with the X-ray luminosity. However, a selection scheme based on a relatively low X-ray luminosity and mid-infrared colours characteristic of QSOs would not select ~25% of the heavily obscured AGN of our sample. (abridged)
In November 1999 we carried out VLBI observations of several quasars and BL Lacertae objects at 1.66 GHz. Six antennas participated in the experiment (Bear Lakes, Svetloe, Pushchino, Noto, HartRAO, and Seshan). The results for six sources (0420+022, 0420-014, 1308+326, 1345+125, 1803+784, and DA193) are presented and discussed.